United Kingdom

Examples of seeds of UK plants collected and banked at the Seed Bank at Wakehurst Place

Introduction

Plant and fungal biodiversity in the UK is generally a subset of that found on the continent of Europe, but despite this it is of great biological interest due to the great wealth of records spanning over four centuries regarding, for example, distributions and phenology. In addition, some species of bryophytes and fungi have populations of global significance in the UK. Many species of both plants and fungi are rare in the UK, either because they are at the edge of their range or due to human effects.  With effects of climate change and increased demands on land, the number of rare species will only increase, and this will require increased conservation efforts.  Kew has an extensive programme of UK activities relating to characterisation and conservation of our native diversity. The conservation-related activities in this programme form part of the UK government response to international conventions, notably the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992).

The UK Team at RBG Kew is composed of staff in the Jodrell Laboratory, Horticulture & Public Education, the Herbarium and Wakehurst Place including the Seed Conservation Department. We are active in Collections (DNA and seed banking and fungal cultures), Baseline Plant Diversity Research (with a focus on fungi), Comparative Plant Biology (including molecular phylogenetics, seed biology and plant fungal interactions, and biological activity of British flora and fungi), Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (including documentation of uses and authentification of plant extracts traded in UK) and Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (conservation genetics, recovery programme development, reintroductions and management of nature reserves and other natural areas). Our work relates to many different groups of plants and fungi, among which orchids, bryophytes, and basiodiomycete and ascomycete fungi are major foci. 

Kew’s current activities in the UK are fuelled and facilitated by long-term and successful relationships with statutory bodies, notably the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, English Nature, Countryside Council for Wales, Scottish Natural Heritage and NGOs, notably Plantlife International, universities and Wildlife Trusts.  They mostly relate to targets laid out in the CBD and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1994), the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC, 2002) and Plant Diversity Challenge (PDC, 2004) which followed on from the CBD. Kew was a significant player in the development of both GSPC and PDC, which identify 16 targets to be met by 2010 globally and in the UK, respectively.

Notable projects are the banking of seeds of nearly all native flowering plants, propagation of a range of orchids and bryophytes for reintroduction, genetic studies of many high priority species of flowering plants, DNA banking of the UK flora and checklisting of major groups of fungi.

Background

As a Non-Departmental Public Body, funded through the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Kew has statutory obligations under the National Heritage Act, 1983 and must also respond to UK policies and legislation. Kew also supports international policy initiatives of the UK government and international conventions to which the UK government is a signatory. For example, Kew has helped the UK government to implement its commitment to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in the UK and overseas, contributing to the development of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the official UK response, Plant Diversity Challenge.

Despite this context, Kew’s sphere of operations has in the past often been viewed as exclusively overseas with a focus on those areas of the world where plant diversity is greatest. However, Kew also has a major role in the conservation of UK biodiversity and has had a significant national impact, particularly in recent years.  In addition to the direct positive outcomes of this work, Kew’s role in the conservation of UK biodiversity has greatly enhanced the credibility of the organisation when developing international partnerships to conserve global biodiversity. The increased focus on activities in the UK was recognised by the formation of a UK team in the Science Strategy developed prior to the 2001 Science Audit.

A flagship project in the UK portfolio since the 1980s has been the Sainsbury Orchid project. This has the aim of helping in the conservation of British and European orchids by propagation and re-establishment (see Sainsbury orchid conservation project).

The Conservation Genetics Unit was formed in 1995, and due to the similarity of techniques used by the Unit and Molecular Systematics, the Unit was transferred from HPE to the Jodrell as the Conservation Genetics Section. This subsequently fused with the Cytogenetics Section to make the Genetics Section in 2002 (following the recommendation in the 2001 Science Audit that administrative structures should be more even in size and coherent in structure). The Conservation Genetics Group within the Genetics Section now consists of two core posts and a variable number of externally funded posts, visitors and students. The Group has a strong UK focus, working on rare species selected in consultation with the country agencies.

The Mycology Section has a remit for investigating British fungi, based on the National Collections of Fungi at Kew (c. 250,000 specimens). Major products for the UK team are the keys and authoritative guides to the British and Irish mycota. The Section also contributes to screening for active metabolites of British fungi, supplies cultures for and contributes to research projects on British orchid-endomycorrhizal fungi and supplies distribution data and background information of fungi of conservation importance (see Mycology team documents for further details).

An innovative collaborative project for the ex situ conservation of UK bryophytes, funded by the UK statutory conservation agencies was established in the Micropropagation Unit in 2000. Protocols for the collection, in vitro propagation and cryostorage of threatened UK bryophytes have been developed and evaluated, and 24 species are now held in culture. Initial trials on re-establishment of stored material have taken place and further trials are planned. The UK is the first country to conserve its threatened bryophytes ex situ (see Ex situ conservation of threatened UK bryophytes project).

In addition to the collections, Kew manages over 300 hectares of estates with significant nature conservation value including the Francis Rose Reserve, which is more than 50 hectares of Wakehurst Place, and Chiddingley Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The accessibility of these estates and their combination of garden displays and excellent horticulture creates opportunities for raising public awareness of UK biodiversity. Management of the natural areas at Kew and Wakehurst, incorporating the principles and practices of Agenda 21 (of the United Nations Environment Programme), also contributes to the implementation of local and national biodiversity action plans (BAPs). Phenological records for plants at Kew for more than 50 years are being databased and made available to the public via the website together with flowering dates for 100 plants in the collections each year.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)

KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)

Collections (2001-2005)

The UK DNA Bank has increased considerably in size and DNA samples are held for >40% of native angiosperms. For many rare species, multiple DNA samples are held, representing the genetic diversity of these species in the UK.

Representation of the UK flora in the Millennium Seed Bank has been raised to 96%, including 98% of threatened species.

Approximately 15,000 additions have been made to the British mycology collections at Kew.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2001-2005)

The Checklist of British and Irish Basidiomycota was published in 2005.

Comparative Plant Biology (2001-2005)

Since 2004, Kew staff have collaborated with researchers at the University of Sheffield and the University of Bayreuth to study mycorrhizal relationships between orchids and fungi.

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)

A report entitled Commercial Uses of Wild and Traditionally Managed Plants in England and Scotland (2002) was completed for the Countryside Agency, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage.

Britain’s Wild Harvest (Prendergast and Sanderson) was published in 2004.

The Friends of Kew Medicinal Plant Appeal was launched in 2004 to support research on the medicinal properties of 300 species of British plants.

Due to the increased use of plant-derived extracts by companies in UK, Kew became more involved in authentication of these extracts to ensure the correct species were being used and the extracts contained the profile of compounds associated with their proposed use.

Timber is sustainably harvested at Wakehurst Place for charcoal production.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)

Conservation genetics studies continued to be a mainstay of our activities in support of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, notably for orchids, but also for other taxa including Carex, Limonium and Sorbus.

A range of native orchids and bryophytes were propagated in the Micropropagation Unit for reintroduction.

Kew hosted and participated in meetings of the UK Fungus Conservation Forum and Biodiversity Action Plan Technical Committee.

An official Red Data List for endangered UK fungal species has been produced with input from Kew. This will be finalised and published in 2006.

Kew provided data on important British sites for fungi, in support of the Plantlife/British Mycological Society publication Important Fungus Areas in the UK.

The Warden of the Loder Valley Reserve (Steven Robinson) carried out monitoring of dormice populations in the reserve as part of a national dormouse monitoring scheme and data from two butterfly transects contribute to the national scheme.

Over 21,000 entries have been made on Kew's Widlife Database, recording details of native and naturalised flora and fauna on both estates. Priority is given to the results of ongoing or recent surveys since these are relevant to the management of both sites, but Kew's astonishing legacy of records for more than 130 years is also being databased.

FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

Collections (2006 onwards)

The UK DNA Bank will continue to increase in size and will as a result become an increasingly useful resource in conservation genetics. The rate of expansion will depend on the level of external funding obtained.

We will enhance holdings of British fungi in the new Mycology Herbarium in the Jodrell extension by targeted collection and exchange.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2006 onwards)

We will complete a book on British clavarioid and ramarioid fungi (club and coral fungi).

We will produce a web version of Checklist of British and Irish Basidiomycota.

We will research and prepare a volume on British Ascomycota (from 2008).

Comparative Plant Biology (2006 onwards)

We are planning to barcode the flora of the UK in collaboration with the Natural History Museum, London and the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Kew would be the lead partner for angiosperms (subject to funding).

We will continue to carry out DNA barcoding of British macrofungi from herbarium specimens (subject to funding).

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2006 onwards)

Kew will continue to gather data about the diversity of plants being used commercially in Britain and the methods used to harvest the plants. This information contributes to Target 12 (Managing plant products sustainably) and Target 13 (Support the sustainable livelihoods dependent on plant resources) of the Plant Diversity Challenge.

Information will continue to be collated about the traditional uses of British plants and especially data gathered as part of the collaborative project Ethnomedica.

A study of the chemistry and biological activity of 300 species of British plants will be completed by the end of 2008.

Kew will increase the information on the Kew website about the traditional and current uses of British plants. This will support Target 14 of the Plant Diversity Challenge to increase understanding about the importance of plant diversity in our lives.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)

Conservation genetics studies will continue, although the exact manner in which they will be carried out will be affected by the current reorganisation in the statutory conservation agencies, notably English Nature, who support some of this work.

Propagation of native orchids and bryophytes will also continue, but this may be affected by the reorganisation referred to above.

We will continue to host and participate in the Biodiversity Action Plan Technical Committee and the Fungus Conservation Forum.

We will collate and database records of fungi of the Kew site and will prepare an account of these fungi for publication.

A scheme will be launched at Wakehurst Place to involve visitors in monitoring of wildlife on the estate for incorporation into the Wildlife Database.

We will edit and support the publication of a book on Sandstones of Europe, which will cover their biodiversity, ecology, geology, geomorphology and conservation.

A five-year management plan for the Natural Areas at Kew will be written with completion forecast for October 2006.

A viability study for the introduction of water voles (Arvicola terrestris) to the main lake at Kew will be started, in support of the London Species Action Plan (London SAP). This will attempt to establish genetic exchange between local breeding populations (Syon Park).

Kew will continue to work in partnership with the London Stag Beetle focus group through monitoring of sightings of Lucanus cervus, public awareness and promotion of decaying wood habitats for saproxylic invertebrates.

A five-year monitoring and control programme of Smyrnium perfoliatum, an invasive species at Kew will continue.  Completion is expected in 2009.

The Wildlife Database will continue to grow as new and historical records are added for both Kew and Wakehurst Place.

Projects

Are Helleborine Orchids Epiparasitic Upon Ectomycorrhizal Associations?

Are there Keystone Ectomycorrhizal Fungi that Mediate Tree Invasion of Lowland Heathlands?

British Club and Coral Fungi: a Textbook on the British and Irish Clavarioid and Ramarioid Fungi (Basidiomycota)

Checklist of British and Irish Basidiomycota: Web Version and Revised Edition

Climate Change Induced Temporal and Spatial Shift Asynchrony in Orchid-Pollinator Interactions

Conservation Genetics of UK Plants

Database for UK Fungi of Conservation Importance

DNA Banking of the UK Flora: a Resource for Conservation Genetics and Comparative Plant Biology

Ex Situ Conservation of Threatened UK Bryophytes

Fungal DNA Barcoding at Kew: Closing the Sequence Gap

Fungal Metabolites: their Ecological Role and Economic Potential

Grasses and Sedges of Britain and Ireland

Medicinal Uses of British Plants

Plant Diversity Challenge: the Official UK Response to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation

Population Genetics of UK Orchids

Sainsbury Orchid Conservation: In Vitro Propagation and Re-Establishment of UK Terrestrial Orchids

Towards a DNA Barcode for the British Lichenized Fungi (Lichens)

People

Herbarium

Colin Clubbe, Tom Cope, David Simpson, Oliver Whaley

HPE

Sandra Bell, Simon Cole, Stewart Henchie, John Lonsdale, Grace Prendergast, Margaret Ramsay, Jennifer Rowntree

Jodrell Laboratory

Begoña Aguirre-Hudson, Martin Bidartondo, Robyn Cowan, Heidi Döring, Michael Fay, Renée Grayer, Laura Hastings, Aline Horwath, Melanie Howes, Jeffrey Joseph, Geoffrey Kite, Tetsuo Kokubun, Christine Leon, Elaine Porter, Peter Roberts, Monique Simmonds, Rhian Smith, Brian Spooner

Seed Conservation Department

Steve Alton

Wakehurst Place

Andrew Jackson, Iain Parkinson

Partners

UK

ADAS

Birkbeck College

Botanical Society of the British Isles

British Bryological Society

British Mycological Society

British Pharmacopoeia Commission Laboratory

CABI-Bioscience

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

Chelsea Physic Garden

Countryside Agency

Countryside Council for Wales

Department for Culture, Media and Sport (Culture Online)

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Global Wildlife Division

Department of Health

Eden Project

English Nature (National and Regional offices)

Environment Agency

Environment and Heritage Service Northern Ireland

Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital Trust

High Weald AONB Unit

Imperial College (Silwood Park), University of London

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)

King’s College (Department of Pharmacy), University of London

Linnean Society of London

London Boroughs Biodiversity Forum

National Institute of Medical Herbalists

National Museum of Wales

National Trust

Natural History Museum, London

Paignton Zoological Gardens

PlantLife International

Queen Mary College, University of London

Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

Royal Horticultural Society

School of Pharmacy, University of London

Scottish Natural Heritage

UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum

UK Register for Chinese Herbal Medicine

University of Kent at Canterbury

University of Reading

Wildlife Trusts

 

Ireland

National Botanic Gardens, Ireland

Publications

Allen, J.A., Scaife, R.G., Gale*, R. & Heathcote, J. (2003). Environmental evidence. p. 123-127 in Ellis, C.J., Allen, M.J. & et al. An early Mesolithic seasonal hunting site in the Kennet Valley, southern England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69: 107-135

Bateman, R.M., Hollingsworth, P.M., Preston, J., Luo, Y.B., Pridgeon*, A.M. & Chase*, M.W. (2003). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 1-40.

Bell*, S. (2003). Wild Kew. Kew 43: 34.

Bell*, S. (2003). Wild Kew. Kew 42: 34.

Bell*, S. (2003). Where the wild things are. Kew 41: 37.

Bell*, S. (2003). Wild Kew. Kew 41: 18-21.

Belmain, S.R., Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Blaney*, W.M. (2002). Influence of odor from wood-decaying fungi on host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28: 741-754.

Belmain, S.R., Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Blaney, W. (2001). Life cycle and feeding habits: beetle behaviour in buildings and boxes. English Heritage Research Transactions 4: 6-14.

Bridge*, P.D. & Panchal, G. (2004). Population diversity and speciation in Hydnellum and Phellodon species. English Nature Research Reports 557.

Burch*, J. (2003). Some mosses survive cryopreservation without prior pre-treatment. Bryologist 106 (2): 270-277.

Burch*, J. & Wilkinson*, T. (2002). Cryopreservation of protonemata of Ditrichum cornubicum (Paton) comparing the effectiveness of four cryoprotectant pretreatments. CryoLetters 23 (3): 197-208.

Cameron, D.D., Hwangbo, J.K., Keith, A.M., Geniez, J.M., Kraushaar, D., Rowntree*, J. & Seel, W.E. (2005). Interactions between the hemiparasitic angiosperm Rhinanthus minor and its hosts: from the cell to the ecosystem. Folia Geobotanica 40 (2-3): 217-229.

Cooper, M.R., Johnson, A.W. & Dauncey*, E.A. (2003). Poisonous plants and fungi. An illustrated guide. London: TSO. 2nd edn. 185 pp.

Crane*, P. & Kinzig, A. (2005). Nature in the metropolis. Science 308 (5726): 1225-1225.

Crane*, P.R. & Nic Lughadha*, E. (2001). Plant conservation at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ecology and Environmental Management In Practice 32: 5-7.

Cribb*, P.J. & Chase*, M.A., [M.W.] (2001). (1481) Proposal to conserve the name Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski over Coeloglossum Hartm. (Orchidaceae). Taxon 50 (2): 581-582.

Diaz, A. & Kite*, G.C. (2002). A comparison of the pollination ecology of Arum maculatum and A. italicum in England. Watsonia 24: 171-181.

Dixon, K.W., Kell, S.P., Barrett, R.L. & Cribb*, P.J. (eds) (2003). Orchid conservation. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: Natural History Publications. xv, 418 pp.

Fay*, M.F. (2003). Using genetic data to help guide decisions about sampling. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 91-96.

Fay*, M.F. (2004). Taxonomy, hybridisation and processes. In Fay, M.F., Sutcliffe, J., Jones, B. & Taylor, I. (eds) Proceedings of a conservation genetics workshop held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 27 November 2001. English Nature Research Reports no. 607 Peterborough: English Nature. 19-20.

Fay*, M.F. & Cowan*, R.S. (2001). Plastid microsatellites in Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae): genetic fingerprints from herbarium specimens. Lindleyana 16 (3): 151-156.

Fay*, M.F. & Cowan*, R.S. (2001). Genetic fingerprinting studies of the Alchemilla filicaulis complex do not support the maintenance of A. minima as a distinct taxon. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 11 pp.

Fay*, M.F. & Cowan*, R.S. (2001). Further genetic studies of the club-rushes Schoenoplectus triqueter, S. lacustris, S. tabernaemontani and their hybrids. [Report to the Environment Agency.] Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 14 pp.

Fay*, M.F. & Cowan*, R.S. (2001). Plastid microsatellites in Cypripedium calceolus. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 15 pp.

Fay*, M.F. & Cowan*, R.S. (2001). Genetic fingerprinting studies of Scleranthus perennis subsp. prostratus. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 13 pp.

Fay*, M.F. & Krauss, S.L. (2003). Orchid conservation genetics in the molecular age. In Dixon, K.W., Kell, S.P., Barrett, R.L. & Cribb, P.J. (eds) Orchid conservation. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: Natural History Publications. 91-112.

Fay*, M.F. & Ramsay*, M.M. (2001). Lady’s slipper orchid. English Nature Magazine 58: 9.

Fay*, M.F. & Salazar, G.A. (2001). Using DNA sequencing to confirm the indentity of pollinia - a case study with Orchis militaris. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4 pp.

Fay*, M.F., Cowan*, R.S. & James, C.M. (2001). Cotoneaster cambricus: astudiaethau meicrosateleitiau. Microsatellite studies on Cotoneaster cambricus. [Adroddiad i'r Cyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru. Report for the Countryside Council for Wales.] Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 13 pp.

Fay*, M.F., Cowan*, R.S. & Simpson*, D.A. (2003). Hybridisation between Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani and S. triqueter (Cyperaceae) in the British Isles. Watsonia 24 (3): 433-442.

Fay*, M.F., Cowan*, R.S., Hanson*, L., Foster*, C., Maynard*, B. & Wood*, J. (2002). Genetic studies on starfruit, Damasonium alisma - a report for Plantlife. Kew, UK: RBG, Kew. 12 pp.

Fay*, M.F., Gernandt, D.S., Cowan*, R.S., Kitchen, M.A.R., Kitchen, C. & Rich, T.C.G. (2002). Parentage of an unknown member of the Sorbus latifolia (Lam.) Pers. group (Rosaceae). Watsonia 24 (1): 91-100.

Fay*, M.F., O'Rourke*, A. & Rich, T.C.G. (2003). A preliminary investigation of genetic variation in Western European Carex depauperata Curtis ex With. (Cyperaceae), starved wood-sedge. Watsonia 24: 507-511.

Fay*, M.F., Qamaruz-Zaman*, F., Chase*, M.W. & Samuel, R. (2004). Military and monkey orchids - what do we have in England? In Fay, M.F., Sutcliffe, J., Jones, B. & Taylor, I. (eds) Proceedings of a conservation genetics workshop held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 27 November 2001. English Nature Research Reports no. 607. Peterborough: English Nature. 33-34.

Fay*, M.F., Qamaruz-Zaman*, F., Cowan*, R.S. & Thornton, H. (2002). Molecular techniques for orchid conservation. In Clark, J., Elliott, W.M., Tingley, G. & Biro, J. (eds) Proceedings of the 16th World orchid conference, April 1999. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Vancouver Orchid Society. 152-157.

Fay*, M.F., Sutcliffe, J., Jones, B. & Taylor, I. (eds) (2004). Proceedings of a conservation genetics workshop held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 27 November 2001. Peterborough: English Nature. (English Nature Research Report no. 607) 42 pp.

Gale*, R. (2000 [2002]). Charcoal. In Birbeck, V. (ed.) Excavations on Iron Age and Romano-British settlements at Cannards Grave, Shepton Mallet. Somerset Archaeology and Natural History. 98-102.

Gale*, R. (2001). Charcoal. Excavations at Battersea Flour Mills, 1996-7: the medieval and post-medieval manor houses and later Thames-side industrial site. Surrey Archaeological Collections 88: 115-116.

Gale*, R. (2001). Charcoal. Excavations at Balksbury Camp, Andover, 1995-7 Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeology Society 56: 71-72.

Gale*, R. (2001). Charcoal. Excavations at Middleton, Norfolk. In Lane, T. & Morris, E.L. (eds) A millennium of saltmaking: prehistoric and Romano-British salt production in the Fenland. Heckington, Lincolnshire: Heritage Trust for Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series No. 4. 235-237.

Gale*, R. (2001). Charcoal. An Iron Age saltern in Cowbit Wash, Lincolnshire. In Lane, T. & Morris, E.L. (eds) A millennium of saltmaking: prehistoric and Romano-British salt production in the Fenland. Heckington, Lincolnshire: Heritage Trust for Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series No. 4. 86-88.

Gale*, R. (2001). Charcoal. Excavation of a multi-period settlement site at the former St John's Vicarage, Old Malden, Kingston upon Thames. Surrey Archaeological Collections 88: 201.

Gale*, R. (2001). Charcoal. Excavations of an Early Roman saltern in Morton Fen, Lincolnshire. In Lane, T. & Morris, E.L. (eds) A millennium of saltmaking: prehistoric and Romano-British salt production in the Fenland. Heckington, Lincolnshire: Heritage Trust for Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series No. 4. 155-156.

Gale*, R. (2001). The derivation and uses of some plant-based fuels. In Lane, T. & Morris, E.L. (eds) A millennium of saltmaking: prehistoric and Romano-British salt production in the Fenland. Heckington, Lincolnshire: Heritage Trust for Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series No. 4. 456-459.

Gale*, R. (2002). Charcoal. In Graham, A.H., Hinton, D.A., Peacock, D.P.S. & et al. (eds) The excavation of an Iron Age and Romano-British settlement in Quarry Field, south of Compact Farm, Worth Matravers, Dorset. Oxbow Books. Purbeck Papers, University of Southampton Department of Archaeology Monograph No 4. 69-71.

Gale*, R. (2002). Charcoal report. In Harding, P.A. & Andrews, P. (eds) Anglo-Saxon and medieval settlement at Chapel Street, Bicester: excavations 1999-2000, Oxoniensia, LXVII. 141-179.

Gale*, R. (2002). Charcoal. In Coates, G. (ed.) A Prehistoric and Romano-British landscape: excavations at Whitemoor Haye Quarry, Staffordshire, 1997-1999. BAR British Series. Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit Monograph Series 5. 74-78.

Gale*, R. (2003). Charcoal report. Little Quoit Farm, St Columb Major, Cornwall: Excavation of a Romano-British smelting site, Cornwall Archaeological Unit. Lawson Jones, A., Report no: 2003 R001: 64-71.

Gale*, R. (2003). Wood-based industrial fuels and their environmental impact in lowland Britain. In Murphy, P. & Wiltshire, P. (eds) The Environmental Archaeology of Industry, Symposia of the Association for Environmental Archaeology No 20. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 30-47.

Gale*, R. (2004). The charcoal remains. p. 76-81 in Neal, P.G.E., Frazer, R. & et al. A Romano-British enclosed farmstead at Billington Drive, Thurscoe, South Yorkshire Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 76: 7-92

Gale*, R. (2004). The charcoal. p. 131-133 in Wright, J. Excavation of Early Saxon settlement and Mesolithic activity at Goch Way, near Charlton, Andover. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society 59 (Hampshire Studies 2004): 116-138

Gale*, R. (2004). Waterlogged wood. p. 31-40 in Ciaraldi, M., Cuttler, R., Dingwall, L. & Dyer, C. Medieval tanning and retting at Brewood, Staffordshire. Staffordshire Archaeological and Historical Society Transactions 40: 1-57

Gale*, R. (2004). Charcoal. In Gibson, C., Last, J., McDonald, T. & Murray, J. (eds) Lines in the sand: Middle to Late Bronze Age Settlement at Game Farm, Brandon. East Anglian Archaeology, Occasional Paper No. 19. 47-50.

Gale*, R. (2004). Charcoal from Roman features. p. 87 in Birbeck, V. & Moore, C. Preservation and investigation of Roman and medieval remains at Hyde Street, Winchester. Proceedings of Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society 59: 77-110

Gale*, R. (2004). Charcoal. p. 174-175 in Rawlings, M., Allen, M.J. & Healey, F. Investigation of the Whitesheet Down environs 1989-90: Neolithic causewayed enclosure and Iron Age settlement. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 97: 144-196

Gale*, R. & Friedman, R. (2001). Buried in her bark pyjamas. Neken News 13: 15-16.

González-Pérez, M.A., Lledó*, M.D., Lexer*, C., Fay*, M.F. & Sosa, P.A. (2004). Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Bencomia exstipulata and B. caudata (Rosaceae). Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 130-132.

Harley*, R.M. (2004). A singularly double form of Cardamine pratensis. BSBI News 95: 14-15.

Hay*, F.R. & Smith*, R.D. (2003). Seed maturity: when to collect seeds from wild plants. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 97-133.

Hay*, F.R., Mead, A., Manger*, K. & Wilson, F.J. (2003). One-step analysis of seed storage data and the longevity of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 54 (384): 993-1011.

Hedrén, M., Fay*, M.F. & Chase*, M.W. (2001). Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) reveal details of polyploid evolution in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 88 (10): 1868-1880.

Hepper*, F.N. (2003). Phenological records of English garden plants in Leeds (Yorkshire) and Richmond (Surrey) from 1946-2002. An analysis relating to global warming. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 2503-2520.

Hepper*, F.N. (2005). The phenology database at Kew. Journal of the Kew Guild 14 (109): 315-318.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2004). Baker, John Gilbert. In Lightman, B., Bellon, R., Dean, S. & Stevens, P. (eds) Dictionary of Nineteenth Century British scientists. Vol. 1. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum Press. 93-95.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2004). Gardner, George. In Lightman, B., Bellon, R., Dean, S. & Stevens, P. (eds) Dictionary of Nineteenth Century British scientists. Vol. 2. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum Press. 753-754.

Horsepool*, K. (2001). Biodiversity in your borough. Fronds (Botanic Gardens Education Network Newsletter) no.18: 2.

Huhtinen, S. & Spooner*, B.M. (2005). Unguiculella tityrii: a fimicolous novelty to the mycoflora of Britain. Mycologist 19: 59-61.

Ing, B. & Spooner*, B. (2002). The Horse Chestnut powdery mildew Uncinula flexuosa in Europe (New British Record 210). Mycologist 16: 112-113.

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Kirkham*, T. (2001). The Rose Gardens at Kew. The Rose 95 (2): 47.

Kirkham*, T. (2001). The Broad Walk replanted. European Arborist News 10 (2): 47-48.

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Legon*, N.W. (2001). BMS day foray reports. Mycologist 15: 89-90.

Legon*, N.W. (2002). New British Records 214. Clitopilus daamsii. Mycologist 16: 115.

Legon*, N.W. (2002). New British Records 211. Albugo tragopogonis var. inulae. Mycologist 16: 114.

Legon*, N.W. (2003). New British Records 220. Hyphoderma albocremeum. Mycologist 17: 42.

Legon*, N.W. (2003). New British Records 219. Coltricia confluens. Mycologist 17: 42.

Legon*, N.W. (2003). New British Records 223. Kavinia alboviridis. Mycologist 17: 43.

Legon*, N.W. (2003). New British Records 221. Hyphoderma sibiricum. Mycologist 17: 42-43.

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Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British records 187. Pyrenopeziza galii. Mycologist 15: 76.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 196. Pseudombrophila ramosa (Velen.) Brumm. Mycologist 15: 162.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 200. Phacidium pusillum Lib. Mycologist 15: 163.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British records 183. Albugo amaranthi. Mycologist 15: 74.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British records 186. Gymnopilus liquiritiae. Mycologist 15: 75.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 198. Peziza megalochondra (Le Gal) Donadini. Mycologist 15: 162.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 193. Pseudotrichia minor Munk. Mycologist 15: 134-135.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 191. Microsphaera palczewskii Jaczewski. Mycologist 15: 134.

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Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British records 188. Bryostroma trichostomi. Mycologist 15: 76.

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Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 194. Subbaromyces splendens Hesseltine. Mycologist 15: 135.

Spooner*, B.M. (2001). New British Records 197. Boudiera acanthospora Schumacher & Dissing. Mycologist 15: 162.

Spooner*, B.M. (2002). New British records 209. Cercospora crepidis. Mycologist 16: 7.

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Spooner*, B.M. (2003). New British Records 233. Ramularia galegae. Mycologist 17: 62-63.

Spooner*, B.M. (2003). Taphrina caerulescens on red oaks in south-east England. Cecidology 18: 31-33.

Spooner*, B.M. (2003). New British Records 218. Helvella phlebophora. Mycologist 16: 179.

Spooner*, B.M. (2003). New British Records 232. Entyloma ranunculi-repentis. Mycologist 17: 62.

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Spooner*, B.M. (2003). New British Records 217. Chlorencoelia torta. Mycologist 16: 178-179.

Spooner*, B.M. (2004). New British Records 237. Pulvinula archeri. Mycologist 18: 89.

Spooner*, B.M. (2004). New British Records 240. Mycosphaerella chamaeropis. Mycologist 18: 90.

Spooner*, B.M. (2004). New British Records 241. Ramularia cerinthes. Mycologist 18: 90.

Spooner*, B.M. (2004). New British Records 238. Phaeosphaeria salebricola. Mycologist 18: 89.

Spooner*, B.M. (2004). New British Records 239. Phyllachora shiraiana. Mycologist 18: 89 - 90.

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Annex material

Annex 1: Paper presented to the Kew Board of Trustees, November 2005 (Word document)