Monocots III: Orchids

Orchid plants growing in the Lower Nursery at RBG Kew

Introduction

Orchidaceae are one of the most species-rich angiosperm families with approximately 25,000 species in roughly 850 genera, accounting for 8-10% of all flowering plants and one-third of all monocotyledons.  The family is distributed worldwide but is most diverse and numerous in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in Mediterranean climatic zones. The orchid floras of many countries are poorly known, and between 200-500 new species are being described every year.

Orchids are a major focal area for RBG Kew's research. Current orchid research at Kew includes economic botany, tropical and temperate Floras, monographs, revisions and evolutionary studies at all taxonomic levels. Studies carried out include morphology, biochemistry, cytogenetics and genetics.

The major objective for the orchid programme is to maintain and develop Kew’s systematic and phylogenetic research and expertise so that we remain a world leader in orchid systematics. We also aim to develop expertise, information and products that are useful in the conservation and sustainable development of orchids in their natural habitats.

The Orchid Team at Kew is composed of researchers in HPE, the Herbarium, the Jodrell Laboratory and the Seed Conservation Department. We are active in Collections (type images/databases, livings collections, DNA Bank and seeds), Baseline Plant Diversity Research (Floras and monographs), Comparative Plant Biology (molecular phylogenetic studies, seed biology, anatomy, genomics, evolutionary development, Genera Orchidacearum and other evolutionary studies) and Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (conservation genetics, recovery programme development, CITES checklists and IUCN/Species Survival Commission).

From the above, it is clear that Kew's orchid research is extensive and comprehensive. Our aim is to serve as a focus for international research into the many areas of orchid biology. To further that aim we provide a wide range of orchid information on the internet, most recently a checklist of orchid names and eventually images of type material from the Herbarium. Our largest project is the Genera Orchidacearum series (to eventually consist of six volumes, four of which have been published so far). This series (three of the editors are Kew-based) provides monographic information on each genus, including what is known about their distribution, morphology, ecology, pollination biology, phylogenetics, phytochemistry, cytology and taxonomy. This monumental series with contributors throughout the world has no parallel and will serve as the baseline information for a wide range of scientific studies of Orchidaceae in the future.

Background

Orchid research has a long history at RBG Kew and dates back to the time of Sir Joseph Hooker's Directorship, when orchids grown at Kew were supplied by Hooker to Charles Darwin. The study of these orchids provided Darwin with the subjects described in a book, The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1877), which he authored immediately after The Origin of Species. We have one of the oldest collections of living tropical orchids and more orchid scientists than any other scientific institution. Since the time of Hooker, orchid research at Kew has been based in the Orchid Herbarium and Library, which holds a large collection of preserved herbarium specimens (with more than 30,000 nomenclatural types and 400,000 specimens).

Orchid seed biology has been studied in the Jodrell Laboratory since the 1950s; and in the Micropropagation Unit cultivation of orchids from seeds, particularly European terrestrial orchids, has undergone many improvements and innovations due to the research carried out at Kew. In the Jodrell, Keith Jones and others began the study of orchid chromosomes in the 1960s, and this work was extended to molecular systematics in the 1990s with the establishment of the molecular laboratory and the arrival of Mark Chase. Recently, two new areas of research were established, pollination biology and development of an orchid species, Leochilus labiatus, as an alternative model organism. Conservation biology of British orchids has been studied by Michael Fay and collaborators, and this work forms part of the UK Government’s Species Recovery Programme. International coordination and promotion of orchid conservation has also been provided through chairing and participation in the IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group, which has run two international conferences and many workshops and produced a textbook on orchid conservation techniques. Advice has also been provided to the British Government, the CITES secretariat and other governments on request. Orchid floral morphology and development have been studied by Paula Rudall and collaborators, and these contributions and others have formed the basis of the orchid volume of the Anatomy of the Moncocotyledons series. Finally, Kew is the editorial centre for the monumental series on orchids, Genera Orchidacearum (GO), which is scheduled to run to six volumes (1-4 are published and the last two are scheduled to be published in 2006 and 2008).  GO is a generic monograph that treats each of the nearly 800 genera in the family in a detailed and comprehensive way.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)

KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)

Collections (2001-2005)

Upgrade of the living collections has occurred through acquisition of critical material of known provenance.

Gap-filling in the Herbarium orchid collection has continued from Kew’s own expeditions and by exchange with other CITES registered institutions.  The databasing and scanning of the type specimens, which number over 30,000, has progressed well, and all the African types are now databased (2,452).  The Herbarium collections continue to be reorganised in line with Genera Orchidacearum’s new classification of the family.

The Micropropagation Unit have stored over 4,000 seed accessions of 1,200 orchid species, from about 270 genera. This includes accessions that are no longer represented in the living collections, which we aim to grow to provide replacements.

The DNA Bank at RBG Kew contains 4,225 orchid accessions, and this is being expanded as rapidly as possible as part of the international Tree of Life project to improve our understanding of orchid phylogenetics and evolution. British terrestrial orchids are an important component of this collection, and for some rare and endangered British orchids we hold nearly complete population samples for all known populations.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2001-2005)

The World Checklist of Orchids has been available as a web-searchable database since early 2005. It has rapidly been adopted as the standard list by other institutions, orchid societies and conservation bodies. Considerable progress has been made in baseline research on Old World orchids. Our African Flora projects are now complete with the publication of a Field Guide to Ethiopian Orchids (2003). The 2nd edition of the annotated and illustrated checklist of The Orchids of Madagascar (1999) is in press. The Orchids of Bhutan (732 species) was published in 2002. The publication of The Orchids of Sumatra (2001) marked the first account of this rich orchid flora of over 1,500 species. The Orchids of Borneo series progressed with the publication of volume 4 in 2003. The Orchids of Mt Kinabalu (820 species) is in press.

Three monographs have been completed: The Slipper Orchids of Vietnam (2003), The Genus Coelogyne (2002), and The Genus Cymbidium (in press).

Comparative Plant Biology (2001-2005)

The programme in orchid phylogenetics and evolution has produced a large number of papers that have focused on poorly understood orchid subfamilies, tribes and subtribes. These include subfamilies Cypripedioideae and Vanilloideae (published prior to 2001) and Arethuseae (2001), Diuridae (2001), Oncidiinae (2001), Pleurothallidinae (2001), Cranichideae (2003), Orchidinae (2003), Cymbidium (2003) and Epidendroideae (2005). A new phylogenetic classification of the whole family was published recently (2003). On the bases of these and other phylogenetic studies, we have turned our attention to evolutionary studies, including pollination biology, origins of polyploids in Dactylorhiza (2001), cytology and genome size (2005) and DNA repair mechanisms. Orchid floral biology has also been re-examined in the light of the phylogenetic studies (2005). The diversity and types of interaction between orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi have been the focus of recent research (2004).

During this period, the first four volumes of Genera Orchidacearum have appeared. The chief editor of this series is Alec Pridgeon, and he is assisted by Phillip Cribb and Mark Chase (both at RBG Kew) and Finn Rasmussen (University of Copenhagen). Contributors to this series have been sought based on expertise and are distributed throughout world, but co-ordination and direction have been supplied by the Kew editors.

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)

As part of our research on the authentication of extracts from endangered species we have investigated whether some herbal prescriptions contained extracts from orchids. The majority of orchids used in herbal medicines are wild collected and there are conservation issues associated with the over-exploitation of endangered species. Currently, very few of these orchids come from sustainable sources.

The Orchid Specialist Group of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission, which has been chaired from Kew for the past ten years (the previous and current chairs), plays an important role in advising conservation projects, governments and international organisations, such as the CITES Secretariat, on orchid conservation and sustainable utilisation. Its composition is catholic and includes scientists, conservationists and both amateur and professional growers. It runs workshops around the world and has published Orchid Conservation, a book on the latest orchid conservation techniques.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)

In the Micropropagation Unit laboratory, orchid seedlings are grown to enhance Kew's living orchid collection, giving priority to increasing the conservation value. Plants in Kew’s collections are pollinated by hand and the seeds stored using methods developed by the Millennium Seed Bank Project (MSBP) (Pritchard and Seaton, 2003). We currently have over 4,000 seed accessions of 1,200 orchid species, from about 270 genera. Many species grown at Kew are not otherwise known in cultivation. In addition to enhancing Kew’s collection, many Madagascan orchid species have been grown from seed for ex situ conservation and repatriation. Many of the methods used are described in Growing Orchids from Seed (2005), which was aimed at conservation groups and growers without access to specialist laboratory facilities.

Since 1983, the Sainsbury Orchid Conservation Project has been growing temperate terrestrial orchids for re-establishment in collaboration with UK conservation agencies. Techniques have been developed for the symbiotic method of germinating seed using mycorrhizal fungi isolated from orchid roots. Trials have taken place on using known fungal isolates from non-orchid sources to stimulate germination (2003). Asymbiotic media and methods have also been developed for species if no effective fungal isolates have been obtained. As well as making these plants more available to the horticultural trade, successes have included the symbiotic propagation and planting of Anacamptis laxiflora (Woods and Ramsay, 2004) and the asymbiotic propagation and re-establishment in the wild of Cypripedium calceolus, used as a case study for orchid conservation worldwide (Ramsay and Dixon, 2003). Successful germination from green capsules can often result in thousands of protocorms being produced, which are excess to requirements. Therefore, cryopreservation techniques are being developed for orchid protocorms of Eulophia epiphytica and Cypripedium calceolus; this allows storage of pre-germinated seed for future use.

Although most orchid micropropagation at Kew is based on in vitro seed germination, some investigations are taking place applying vegetative micropropagation protocols to species such as Erycina pusilla, Erycina pumilio, Leochilus labiatus, Tolumnia variegata and Cypripedium calceolus to provide material and methods for molecular studies. Our approach involves stimulating the formation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) from somatic or meristematic regions rather than using protocorms derived from seed (Sarasan et al., in press)

As part of the Conservation Genetics programme, we have carried out population genetic studies on species of Cephalanthera, Cypripedium, Dactylorhiza, Liparis, Neotinea, Orchis and Ophrys, mostly in support of the Species Recovery Programme of English Nature. In addition, we have supervised students from Brazil, Colombia and La Réunion on projects related to orchid conservation.

Extinctions are most frequently asserted after subsequent investigation, so uncertainty often surrounds the classification of a species as extinct. This necessitates acknowledgement of the probabilistic nature of any extinction statement. Exhaustive searches of the known habitats of a species may be impractical as such investigations are often constrained by limited resources. Without extensive fieldwork, the status of a species may only be inferred from sighting records. Several methods have been developed to provide a probabilistic basis for an extinction hypothesis based on such sighting records. It has been suggested that relative levels of threat maybe inferred from the magnitude of the probability generated, with smaller probabilities implying an increased threat of extinction through changes in range and/or abundance. This is potentially of great use because conservationists are often primarily concerned with threatened species rather than those already lost. These methods have been applied to a wide range of taxa, including over 300 species of orchids as there highly co-evolved pollination systems make them idea bioindicators.

FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

Collections (2006 onwards)

Both the living and herbarium collections will be enhanced over the next few years to provide a more comprehensive systematic and geographical coverage and to reflect the current research interests of the Kew team. Expeditionary work will concentrate on Madagascar, Costa Rica and SE Asia, where there are active current projects.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2006 onwards)

The World Orchid Checklist will continue to be updated on the web and its search facility improved based upon end-user comments. The focus of the systematic research in the Herbarium has now moved from Africa to Madagascar and SE Asia. The Orchids of Sabah will be completed to complement The Orchids of Sarawak. The Orchids of Borneo project will be completed with the publication of two more volumes.

Monographic work will continue on selected genera: Calanthe, Phragmipedium and Selenipedium will be completed by 2007.

Comparative Plant Biology (2006 onwards)

We will continue to work on the genomics, phylogenetics and pollination biology of orchids and finish the Genera Orchidacearum series as well as the anatomy of the orchids for the Anatomy of the Monocotyledons series.

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2006 onwards)

We will continue to provide authentication support for those involved in monitoring the trade of orchids for use in different herbal preparations.

From continued participation in the Species Survival Commission, we will continue to provide advice on orchid conservation and sustainable utilisation to conservation projects, governments and international organisations e.g. CITES Secretariat.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)

We will continue to study population genetics of UK native orchids, informing conservation management, placing British populations in their Continental context and clarifying species delimitation.

Conservation status assessments are prepared for every species in published floristic and monographic accounts.

The Micropropagation Unit will continue to grow plants for Kew’s living collections and for conservation and re-establishment projects and to further research techniques for myycorrhizal – assisted and asymbiotic germination, vegetative propagation and cryopreservation. A companion volume to Growing Orchids from Seed for hardy orchids is planned. The Micropropagation Unit will work collaboratively with the MSBP on a long-term conservation strategy for orchid seed including addressing viability questions.

Kew will seek funding to enable the establishment of a network of orchid seed banks, Orchid Seed Stores for Sustainable Use (OSSSU), which will bring together 14-20 countries in the Americas, Asia (including Australia) and Africa to work on germination and storage of 750 orchid species.

There is a need for the development of statistically rigorous methods to produce conservation assessments from limited data. Following the 2002 World Summit in Johannesburg, the Convention of Biological Diversity has called for a decrease in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. However, a 2003 UK Royal Society report on “Measuring Biodiversity for Conservation” discussed the unavailability of satisfactory measures of biodiversity, and the difficulty of reporting accurately on the loss of biodiversity by 2010. The difficulty is not just one of measuring the rate of change of biodiversity; perhaps even more importantly, we need to obtain reliable measures of extinction risk in order to prioritise interventions that will most effectively reduce the rate of biodiversity loss. In addition, it is important to understand whether what we are collecting is representative of biodiversity. This is important given the time and money that is spent on “rapid biodiversity assessment”. Particular questions of interest are why do we discover species when we do, and whether certain morphological and ecological characters increase the probability of a species being discovered or recorded. This work focuses on the Orchidaceae and Gramineae whose distibutions are highly correlated (rs 0.973) with global generic diversity, making them an ideal test bed for such research.

Global warming is altering the timing of important developmental and behavioural events. Changes in species’ ranges and trophic relationships in response to climate warming affect their interactions. Phenological changes alter population-level interactions and community dynamics, and have profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences. One of the more immediate effects could arise from a breakdown in evolved synchronicities, such as orchid-pollinator relationship. In order to predict future responses of species to climate change, it is important to understand how the species have responded to climate in the past. A prerequisite for studies on climate change is therefore the availability of long-term datasets, which are often scarce. With an estimated 2.5 billion specimens, biological collections have a huge potential to contribute to studies on climate change by providing us with long-term records. Understanding the effect of climate change on species ranges in space and time has been identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a top priority. The problem is to estimate the boundary of the range of the species and to test for a shift over time in this boundary (e.g. N-S, E-W). Furthermore, shifts may be studied both within and between species, such as orchid–pollinator interactions. The eventual aim is to study geographical and phenological shifts in plant-pollinator interactions using biological collection data.

Projects

Are Helleborine Orchids Epiparasitic Upon Ectomycorrhizal Associations?

Climate Change Induced Temporal and Spatial Shift Asynchrony in Orchid-Pollinator Interactions

Co-Evolution at the Plant-Animal Interface

Conservation and Monitoring of Meso-American Orchids

Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) of Borneo

Digital Ecosystem for Extinction Risk Assessment (DEERA)

Electronic Cataloguing and Imaging of Monocot Type Specimens

Field Guide to the Orchids of Madagascar

Flora of China

Genera Orchidacearum

Phylogenetics of Orchidaceae

Population Genetics of UK Orchids

Sainsbury Orchid Conservation: In Vitro Propagation and Re-Establishment of UK Terrestrial Orchids

Systematics, evolution and conservation of Australian orchids

Understanding and Conserving the Earth’s Biodiversity Hotspots (HOTSPOTS)

People

Directorate

Stephen Hopper, Rhian Smith

Herbarium

Phillip J. Cribb, Clare Drinkell, Rafaël Govaerts, Alec Pridgeon, David Roberts, Emma Tredwell, Jeffrey Wood

HPE

Paloma Malaxechevarria, Grace Prendergast, Margaret Ramsay, Kath Smith 

Jodrell Laboratory

Martin I. Bidartondo, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Timothy K. Fulcher, Martyn Powell, Paula Rudall, Vincent Savolainen

Seed Conservation Department

Hugh Pritchard

Partners

Austria

Univerisity of Salzburg

University of Vienna

Brazil

Universidade de Campinas

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana

France

University of La Réunion

University of Noumaea, New Caledonia

University of Toulouse

Ireland

National Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Dublin

Italy

University of Naples

Mexico

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City

Sri Lanka

Samantha Fernando (Kandy)

Sweden

University of Lund

UK

Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust

English Nature

Natural History Museum, London

USA

New York Botanical Garden

Ohio State University

University of Florida

Publications

Ackerman, J.D. & Chase*, M.W. (2001). Notes on the Caribbean orchid flora, IV. More combinations in Trichocentrum and Cyrtochilum. Lindleyana 16 (4): 225.

Averyanov, L., Cribb*, P.J., Phan Ke Loc & Nguyen Tien Hiep (2003). Slipper orchids of Vietnam: with an introduction to the flora of Vietnam. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ix, 308 pp.

Bateman, R.M., Hollingsworth, P.M., Preston, J., Luo, Y.B., Pridgeon*, A.M. & Chase*, M.W. (2003). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 1-40.

Beaman, T.E., Wood*, J.J., Beaman, R.S. & Beaman*, J.H. (2001). Orchids of Sarawak. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) in association with The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xvi, 584 pp.

Bidartondo*, M.I. (2005). The evolutionary ecology of myco-heterotrophy. New Phytologist 167 (2): 335-352.

Bidartondo*, M.I., Burghardt, B., Gebauer, G., Bruns, T.D. & Read, D.J. (2004). Changing partners in the dark: isotopic and molecular evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids and trees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1550): 1799-1806.

Borba, E.L., Shepherd, G.J., van den Berg*, C. & Semir, J. (2002). Floral and vegetative morphometrics of five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species: correlation with taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic variability and pollination systems. Annals of Botany 90 (2): 219-230.

Bosser, J. & Cribb*, P.J. (2001). Trois nouvelles especes de Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) de Madagascar. Adansonia ser. 3, 23 (1): 129-135.

Bosser, J. & Cribb*, P.J. (2003). Contribution á l'étude des Orchidaceae de Madagascar, des Comores et des Mascareignes. XXXIV. Bathiorchis, nouveau genre monotypique de Madagascar. Adansonia ser. 3, 25 (2): 229-231.

Chase*, M.W. (2001). The origin and biogeography of Orchidaceae. In Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F. (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 2. Orchidoideae (Part 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1-5.

Chase*, M.W. (2005). Hybochilus. In Pupulin, F. (ed.) Vanishing beauty: native Costa Rican orchids. Vol. 1. Acianthera-Kegeliella. San José, C.R.: Editorial of the Universidad de Costa Rica. 376.

Chase*, M.W. (2005). Goniochilus. In Pupulin, F. (ed.) Vanishing beauty: native Costa Rican orchids. Vol. 1. Acianthera-Kegeliella. San José, C.R.: Editorial of the Universidad de Costa Rica. 342.

Chase*, M.W. (2005). Plant portraits: 520. Psychopsis limminghei. Orchidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (1): 53-55.

Chase*, M.W. & [Ackerman, J.D., ] (2002). Brassia; Ionopsis; Macradenia; Oncidium; Trichocentrum; Tolumnia. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.) Flora of North America: north of Mexico. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. New York: Oxford University Press. Vol. 26: 645-651.

Chase*, M.W. & Williams, N.H. (2001). Additional transfers to Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. and Otoglossum Garay & Dunst. (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 16 (3): 218-219.

Chase*, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Barrett, R.L. & Freudenstein, J.V. (2003). DNA data and Orchidaceae systematics: a new phylogenetic classification. In Dixon, K.W., Kell, S.P., Barrett, R.L. & Cribb*, P.J. (eds) Orchid conservation. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: Natural History Publications. 69-89.

Chase*, M.W., Cribb*, P.J., Grayer*, R.J., Hermans*, J., Pridgeon*, A.M., Veitch*, N.C., Wood*, J. & et al (2005). Epidendroideae. In Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F. (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 4: Epidendroideae (part 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. only Kew staff contributors listed, in alphabetical order. 1-672.

Chase*, M.W., Cribb*, P.J., Grayer*, R.J., Pridgeon*, A.M., Veitch*, N.C., Wood*, J. & et al (2001). Orchidoideae. In Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F. (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 2. Orchidoideae (Part 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. only Kew staff contributors listed, in alphabetical order. 6-404.

Chase*, M.W., Cribb*, P.J., Grayer*, R.J., Pridgeon*, A.M., Veitch*, N.C., Wood*, J. & et al (2003). Vanilloideae. In Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F. (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 3. Orchidoideae (Part 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. only Kew staff contributors listed, in alphabetical order. 1-360.

Chase*, M.W., Hanson*, L., Albert, V.A., Whitten, W.M. & Williams, N.H. (2005). Life history evolution and genome size in subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany 95: 191-199.

Cowan*, R.S. & Fay*, M.F. (2001). Genetic fingerprinting of cultivated plants of Paraphalaenopsis labukensis (Orchidaceae) at Kew. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 6 pp.

Cribb*, P. (2001). The fairy slipper orchid. Alpine Gardener 69 (2): 218-223.

Cribb*, P. (2002). Orchids at the Millennium, diversity and status. In Clark, J., Elliott, W.M., Tingley, G. & Biro, J. (eds) Proceedings of the 16th World orchid conference, April 1999. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Vancouver Orchid Society. 107-111.

Cribb*, P. (2002). Miniature orchids, magnificent names. Orchid Review 110: 243-246.

Cribb*, P. (2002). Three small flowered Phalaenopsis. Orchid Digest 66 (4): 194-197.

Cribb*, P. & Pollard*, B.J. (2002). New orchid discoveries in western Cameroon. Kew Bulletin 57 (3): 653-659.

Cribb*, P., Du Puy, D.J. & Bosser, J. (2002). An unusual new epiphytic species of Eulophia (Orchidaceae) from southeastern Madagascar. Adansonia ser. 3, 24 (2): 169-172.

Cribb*, P., Herrman, C. & Demissew Sebsebe (2002). New records of orchids from Ethiopia. Lindleyana 17 (4): 178-188.

Cribb*, P., Luo, Y.B. & Siu, G. (2002). Paphiopedilum micranthum in north-east Guizhou, a significant range extension. Orchid Review 110 (1243): 40-43.

Cribb*, P., Luo, Y.B. & Siu, G. (2002). Neueste Beobachtungen an Paphiopedilum emersonii und Paphiopedilum micranthum in der Provinz Guizhou, China. Journal für den Orchideenfreund 9 (2): 105-116.

Cribb*, P., Thomas*, S. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2001). The orchids of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Biologiske Skrifter 54: 75-84.

Cribb*, P.J. (2001). People in orchids: Isobyl la Croix. Orchid Digest 65 (1): 34-35.

Cribb*, P.J. (2001). Three small-flowered Phalaenopsis species. Orchid Review 109 (1241): 272-276.

Cribb*, P.J. (2001). Paphiopedilums in the limestone mountains of southern China and northern Vietnam. Caesiano 16: 13-23.

Cribb*, P.J. (2001). Unbekannte Orchideenzeichnungen von Mary Anne Stebbing. Journal für den Orchideenfreund 8: 123-128.

Cribb*, P.J. (2003). Old friends and new: fresh insights into the relationships, evolution and classification of Cymbidium. In Hermans, J. & Cribb*, P.J. (eds) Proceedings of the European Orchid Conference, London 12th - 16th March 2003. Naturalia Publications. 108-118.

Cribb*, P.J. (2003). Hugh Low. A Borneo expedition diary and orchid paintings. Orchids 72 (1): 56-57.

Cribb*, P.J. (2003). A botanist in Guizhou. The Plantsman (n.s.) 2 (3): 142-151.

Cribb*, P.J. (2004). Foreword. In Sex, S. & Sayers, B. (eds) Ireland's wild orchids. Dublin: S. Sex and B. Sayers. xiii.

Cribb*, P.J. (2004). John Day's Scrapbooks: a little known resource for tropical Asian orchidology. In Manilal, K.S. & Satish Kumar, C. (eds) Orchid memories: a tribute to Gunnar Seidenfaden. Delhi: Mentor Books & IAPT. 27-34.

Cribb*, P.J. (2004). Two early paintings of Paphiopedilum concolor from Guangxi, southern China. Orchid Digest 68 (3): 144-145.

Cribb*, P.J. (2004). Zeuxine strateumatica (Orchidaceae), a new record for Hawaii. Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 652.

Cribb*, P.J. (2004). Unusual orchids in Ethiopia. Ungewöhnliche Orchideen in Äthiopien. Journal für den Orchideenfreund 11 (1): 5-14.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Plant portraits: 513. Masdevallia idae. Orchidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (1): 19-21.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Plant portraits: 511. Phragmipedium kovachii. Orchidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (1): 8-11.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Xerorchideae, a new tribe in Orchidaceae subfamily Epidendroideae. Kew Bulletin 60 (1): 143-144.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Orchidaceae. In Boulos, L. (ed.) Flora of Egypt. Volume 4. Cairo: Al Hadara. 409-411.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Plant portraits: 512. Paphiopedilum vietnamiense. Orchidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (1): 12-18.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Plant portraits: 514. Masdevallia niesseniae. Orchidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (1): 22-24.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Wild orchids in Sichuan. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (1): 71-80.

Cribb*, P.J. (2005). Two early paintings of Paphiopedilum venustum made for Nathaniel Wallich. Orchid Digest 69 (2): 82-84.

Cribb*, P.J. & Bailes, C. (2001). Plant portraits 416. Calanthe tricarinata (Orchidaceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (2): 95-100.

Cribb*, P.J. & Bailes, C. (2001). Plant portraits 418. Calanthe striata (Orchidaceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (2): 104-107.

Cribb*, P.J. & Bailes, C. (2001). Plant portraits 417. Calanthe izu-insularis (Orchidaceae). Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18 (2): 101-103.

Cribb*, P.J. & Butterfield, I. (2001). Little known and confused species of Pleione. New Plantsman 8 (3): 138-146.

Cribb*, P.J. & Butterfield, I. (2002). A synopsis of the genus Pleione. Orchid Digest 65 (4): 163-187.

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Wood*, J.J. (2005). A new species of Bryobium from the Solomon Islands. Orchid Review 113 (1261): 39-41.

Wood*, J.J. & Ormerod, P. (2003). Plant portraits: 472. Sarcanthopsis hansemannii. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (3): 152-160.

Annex material