Millennium Seed Bank Project
The Wellcome Trust Millennium Building at Wakehurst Place
Introduction
The Millennium Seed Bank Project (MSBP) was conceived according to the spirit of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (see BACKGROUND) and today, five years after its International Programme began, the Project is a global conservation network, comprising c. 20 partner countries and over 40 partner institutions. With emphasis on conservation practice rather than theory, the MSBP network is actively delivering the targets of the CBD’s Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). Project outputs include: national checklists (Target 1); species conservation assessments (Target 2); protocols for plant conservation and sustainable use (Target 3); information on threatened plants in situ (Target 7); accessible ex situ collections of threatened species (Target 8); conservation of socio-economically valuable species (Target 9); protocols towards sustainable management of plants and their products that support rural livelihoods (Targets 12 and 13); educational materials that raise public awareness about conservation (Target 14); and capacity building through technology transfer and training (Targets 15 and 16). In many partner countries the MSBP is the leading initiative implementing the targets of the GSPC, and this is reflected in the ACHIEVEMENTS and FUTURE PLANS sections.
The MSBP is managed by RBG Kew’s Seed Conservation Department (SCD). In 2004 a retrospective logical framework analysis of the MSBP was carried out. As a result five main Outputs were identified that will deliver the project Purpose (see Annex 1: MSBP Logical Framework Table). A responsibility matrix was used to map the relationship between SCD’s sectional management structure and the MSBP Outputs, resulting in the formation of five cross-sectional Output groups shown in the table below.
|
Output |
‘Responsibility’ |
Science and technology themes |
|
1 |
Performance of country projects and associated conservation networks |
|
|
2 |
Seed collection, intake and quality |
|
|
3 |
Science and technology programme (S&T) |
1. Climate and Reproductive Biology 2. Genetics and Chemical Traits 3. Post-harvest technology 4. Preservation technology 5. Science of ageing 6. Diagnosis of viability and germination 7. Ecophysiology & Morphology |
|
4 |
Delivery of training and technology transfer |
|
|
5 |
MSBP’s public interface |
|
These groups advise the Departmental Management Team (DMT), comprising the Head of Department and the Heads of the five Sections (Collecting, Curation, Information, Technology and Training, and Research) on detailed aspects of managing the delivery of the respective Outputs.
The rationale for the MSBP’s science and technology (S&T) programme (Output 3) is to research identifiable constraints to seed conservation and then to convert that science into seed conservation practice via appropriate information products (see Annex 2, MSBP Draft Dissemination Strategy for more detail), training (see Annex 3, MSBP Training Strategy for more detail) and technology transfer (Output 4). Within this framework seven distinct sectors or themes of S&T input have been identified as listed in the table above. They broadly match the four main activities of seed conservation: collecting; processing; storage and germination. SCD also provides significant advice and support (mostly editorial) in the wider plant and conservation arena (see Annex 4, Seed Conservation Department: provision of expert, independent advice to external bodies (2001-2005)).
Although managed by the SCD, which is based at Wakehurst Place, the Millennium Seed Bank Project is a Kew-wide initiative. The Project employs 15 people in the Herbarium (3 under Herbarium department management, 12 under SCD management), who provide plant diversity data, information and skills to MSBP partners. In addition, strong links have been developed with the Jodrell Laboratory’s SEPASAL project, which provides information on economically important species in Kenya and Namibia. Finally, the Project employs staff from Wakehurst Place Department to provide horticultural services to the MSBP and to partners overseas.
MSBP staff also play significant roles in the following Kew science teams: Malpighiales; Monocots; Drylands: Africa; UK Overseas Territories; Madagascar; Legumes; Drylands: Tropical America; and Large-Scale Syntheses.
Background
The Millennium Seed Bank Project was conceived, developed and is managed by the Seed Conservation Department of RBG Kew. The Project is funded by the UK National Lottery, corporate and private sponsors, and comprises two phases. Phase 1 (1997-2000) aimed to build the Millennium Seed Bank, and collect and conserve the British flora. This has been achieved, with the building completed in 2000, and 96% of the British flora now conserved in it. Phase 2 of the Project, the International Programme, is a nine year global conservation programme (2001-2010). The two principal aims of the International Programme are to:
· Collect and conserve 10% of the world’s seed-bearing flora (some 24,000 species), principally from the drylands, by the year 2010.
· Develop bilateral research, training and capacity-building relationships worldwide in order to support and to advance the seed conservation effort.
The International Programme is based on the development of collaborations with partner institutions all around the world. These partnerships have as their basis the precepts of the Convention on Biological Diversity, in which resources and responsibility are shared equitably by all parties through technology transfer, benefit sharing and capacity building. The MSBP currently has formal links with seed bank and conservation institutions in c. 20 countries, including: Australia; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Canada; Chile; China; Egypt; Italy; Jordan; Kenya; Lebanon; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mexico; Namibia; Saudi Arabia; South Africa; Tanzania; the USA; and is in the process of developing partnerships in many other countries throughout the world.
SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)
- CBD-compliant Access and Benefit Sharing Agreements signed with 45 institutions in 18 countries. Research Memoranda of Understanding/Collaboration signed with 17 countries, and Contractual Agreements on seed banking in place with 12 European countries.
- Collaborative grants secured worth more than £4 million
- Over 570 people trained in seed conservation techniques and supervisory support provided to more than 20 undergraduates, more than 10 masters students, and 28 PhD students.
- 13,000 seed collections of 8,000 wild plant species added to the Millennium Seed Bank, mainly from partner countries in the drylands; of which more than 50% of species are endangered, endemic or of economic value.
- Over 35,000 germination tests carried out on wild plant collections, protocols developed for 10 key problem families, germination problems resolved for over 1,300 collections, and seed trait data generated experimentally for c. 1,200 species.
- 3,422 seed samples have been sent outside the UK and Europe by the MSB since 2000. Of these, 48% have gone to the poorest countries (>20% of the population living on less than $2 a day). Analysis of how the seed is being used reveals the following key areas: biodiversity (62.1%); agriculture (25.8%); water (8.2%); energy (1.3%); health (1%); chemicals (1%); and atmosphere (0.6%).
- A large-scale synthesis of taxon-based seed biological information created and made available over the web as the Seed Information Database, incorporating information on c. 22,000 species
- Preliminary conservation assessments carried out on 2,000 taxa from 10 Millennium Seed Bank Project partner countries to prioritise and target current seed collection, conservation and studies
- 125 research articles published (>1,400 pp) of which more than 20% were in IF>2 journals, including Science, PNAS and TIPS. 17 books, theses (9 MSc, 1 PhD), and booklets produced (>3,000 pp); including a state-of-the-art review of Seed Conservation: Turning Science into Practice (>1,000 pp). Nine Editorial Boards supported and refereeing undertaken for c. 50 separate journals.
- A departmental-wide review of synergies undertaken to identify cross-cutting ‘output’ groups on: Partnerships; Collections Conservation; Technology Transfer, Public Awareness, and Science and Technology.
KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)
- Add 16,000 species to the Millennium Seed Bank, mainly from partner countries in the drylands, of which at least 25% are endangered, endemic or of economic value
- Continue to support research, training and capacity-building activities worldwide to advance the seed conservation effort
- Promote the role of wild seed banks in both mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Modify our collecting programmes to incorporate species assemblages vulnerable to climate change and other anthropogenic effects.
- Continue to provide technical input to restoration and reintroduction programmes in southern Africa, Madagascar, Australia and the USA. Develop our expertise and technical relevance to restoration and reintroduction programmes worldwide.
- Develop and emphasise the use of our seed collections, for example medicinal plants, in areas such as sustainable utilisation and development, in support of the Millennium Development Goals and other similar initiatives worldwide
- Provide a range of integrated conservation services, including skills and data on plant diversity, seed conservation, conservation genetics and horticulture, to a range of partners and customers
- Establish the Millennium Seed Bank as a centre of excellence for wild plant conservation research through the continued development of predictive germination protocols and molecular, biochemical and genetic markers for seed viability, quality and longevity
- Develop a long term vision and funding strategy for the Millennium Seed Bank and the Seed Conservation Department
RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)
Collections (2001-2005)
Representation of the UK flora in the Millennium Seed Bank was raised to 96%, including 98% of the UK’s threatened species (Target 8 of the GSPC).
Access and Benefit Sharing Agreements (ABSAs) have been established with 45 partner institutions in 18 countries. In addition, collecting-based collaborations have been established with countries not subject to ABSAs, including: Georgia; Bulgaria; Canada; Italy; New Zealand; Mauritius and UKOTs.
13,000 seed collections from 8,000 wild species were collected worldwide, principally from the drylands, and conserved in accessible ex situ collections in the MSB and partner seed banks (Target 8 of the GSPC). At the same time 13,000 herbarium specimens, and associated data, were collected and deposited at Kew and in partners’ herbaria.
19 of SCD’s (two in journals with IF>2) research publications were related to, or supported Kew’s Collections programme.
Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2001-2005)
Kew Herbarium specimens from 2,000 endemic, endangered and economically important species from Africa, Madagascar and the Middle East have been databased and geo-referenced to assist targeting of fieldwork by seed collectors (GSPC Targets 3, 7 and 8). Analysis of the resulting data has resulted in the production of twenty targeted-collection guides for key taxonomic groups and biodiversity hotspots, incorporating locality, phenology and description data, for partner institutions to use in their seed collection programmes (GSPC Targets 3 and 8).
Eight of SCD’s research publications were related to, or supported Kew’s Baseline Plant Diversity research programme.
Comparative Plant Biology (2001-2005)
A large-scale synthesis of taxon-based seed biological information has been created and made available over the web as the Seed Information Database, incorporating information on c. 22,000 species (GSPC Target 3).
45 of SCD’s (at least 13 in journals with IF>2) research publications were related to, or supported Kew’s Comparative Plant Biology programme.
Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)
More than 35,000 germination tests have been carried out on wild plant collections, protocols have been developed for 10 key problem families, and seed trait data have been generated experimentally for c. 1,200 species (GSPC Targets 12 and 13).
Seed biology studies have been completed and disseminated for 60 tree species of socio-economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa (GSPC Targets 12 and 13).
Collaboration between SEPASAL and Millennium Seed Bank partners in Kenya and Namibia has been developed in order to facilitate seed collection, conservation and study (GSPC Target 16) of economically important species.
Morphological, physiological, molecular, biophysical, biochemical and genetic markers for seed quality have been developed for species from a diverse range of plant families, including the Arecaceae and Brassicaceae.
Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)
Technical input was provided to restoration and reintroduction programmes in southern Africa, Madagascar, Australia and the USA (GSPC Target 8).
Preliminary conservation assessments were carried out on 2,000 taxa from 10 Millennium Seed Bank Project partner countries to prioritise current seed collection, conservation and studies (GSPC Target 2).
Best practice and data standards were established in seed conservation across the European Native Seed Conservation Network (ENSCONET), involving 19 institutes across 12 countries.
83 of SCD’s research publications (at least nine in journals with IF>2) were related to, or supported Kew’s Conservation and Environmental Monitoring programme.
FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)
Collections (2006 onwards)
We will: maintain efforts to achieve full representation of the bankable elements of the UK and UKOTS Floras by seeking collections of UK and UKOT native species not yet represented in the Millennium Seed Bank and recollecting any species represented only by batches with low seed number/viability; add 16,000 species to the Millennium Seed Bank, mainly from partner countries in the drylands, of which at least 25% are endangered, endemic or of economic value; continue to service requests for seed from bona fide researchers; maintain and enhance RBG Kew’s seed reference collection; add c. 20,000 herbarium specimens and associated data to RBG Kew’s collections; continue to develop collecting-based collaborations with other non-ABSA countries including Georgia, Bulgaria, Canada, Italy, New Zealand, Mauritius and UKOTs; develop alternative seed intake strategies including the back-up of existing collections from botanic gardens and wild plant nurseries; and continue with seed exchange programmes.
Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2006 onwards)
We will continue to produce targeted collection guides for key taxonomic groups and biodiversity hotspots, incorporating locality, phenology and description data, for partner institutions to use in their seed collection programmes.
Comparative Plant Biology (2006 onwards)
We will: continue to develop predictive tools for seed behaviour based on comparative studies of seed traits; develop innovative ex situ conservation methods of preserving recalcitrant (desiccation sensitive) and other problematic seeds; continue to handle at least 200 seed related scientific and technical enquiries per year, with a maximum 20 day turn around; produce a series of technical data sheets detailing appropriate seed conservation methodologies in an accessible and flexible format.
Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2006 onwards)
We will: work with MSBP partners to produce propagation protocols for at least 50 plant species identified as important to rural communities in Botswana and Kenya; continue to develop morphological, physiological, molecular, biophysical, biochemical and genetic markers for seed quality for species from a diverse range of plant families, including the Arecaceae; Brassicaceae; Amaryllidaceae; continue development of a germination decision support tool and carry out c. 40,000 germination tests on wild plant species (10,000 tests per annum).
Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)
We will: bank the seed of at least 40% of the threatened species in Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Chile and Australia (GSPC Target 8); complete the databasing of specimens of priority species from selected partner countries and production of targeted-collection guides; continue to back-up strategically, in the Millennium Seed Bank, taxa from RBG Kew’s living collections that are of high conservation importance; continue to contribute to restoration and reintroduction programmes in Madagascar, southern Africa, Australia and the USA; continue to assess MSBP partner constraints in seed conservation technology and design/source, supply and commission appropriate equipment and facilities; continue to assess the seed conservation training needs of MSBP partners and other international collaborators (e.g. FAO), and co-ordinate, deliver and evaluate appropriate training, including post-graduate supervision; continue to convert science and technology studies into new or improved seed conservation methods, validated and adopted by MSBP partners and collaborators.
Projects
A Genomic Approach to Understanding Seed Dormancy
A Novel Role for Phytochrome in Dormancy Release Inhibition
Biophysical Aspects of Seed Ageing (Orthodox Seeds)
Comparative Longevity (Orthodox Seeds)
Darwin Initiative Research Exercise on Community Tree Seeds (DIRECTS) in Africa
Development of Predictive Tool of Germination Requirements for MSB Collections
Do ‘Intermediate’ Seeds Exist? Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Cold Stress
Does One Seed Collection Represent the Genetic Diversity of a Population? A Seed Harvest Study
Establishing the Use of Metabolomics / Genomics to Identify Diagnostic Markers of Seed Quality
European Native Seed Conservation Network (ENSCONET)
Ex situ Conservation of Plant Germplasm from Arid and Semi-Arid Zones of Mexico
Ex Situ Conservation of Recalcitrant Seeds: Towards the Delivery of Target 8 of the GSPC
Ex Situ Conservation of Threatened Chilean Flora Through Propagation
Genetic Polymorphisms in Populations of Aesculus hippocastanum across Europe
Germination Micro-Site Perception: the Role of Light Quality and Quantity
Improving the Identification, Handling and Storage of ‘Difficult’ Seeds
Legume Seed Collection for the Millennium Seed Bank
Maternal Environment and Provenance Effects on Seed Longevity
Maternal Environment Effects on Seed Germination and Dormancy: Inter-Site and -Season Comparisons
Maximising Seed Quality: Maturity and Post-harvest Studies
Millennium Seed Bank Project China Programme
Millennium Seed Bank Project in Jordan
Millennium Seed Bank Project in Lebanon
Millennium Seed Bank Project in Namibia
Millennium Seed Bank Project in South Africa
Millennium Seed Bank Project in Tasmania
Millennium Seed Bank Project in the Northern Territory of Australia
Moisture Relations of Seed Longevity (and their Limits; Orthodox Seeds)
MSB Enhancement Project Part 1A – Species Targeting
Non-Invasive Techniques in Seed Metabolomics
Oilseeds – Biogeographical Effects on Composition in Relation to Sustainable Use
Oxidative Stress and Death Phenomena
Plant Diversity Challenge: the Official UK Response to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
Programmed Cell Death in Seeds
Proteome Responses to Desiccation in Talauma ovata Seeds
Reactive Oxygen Species as Markers of Seed Quality
Rehydration / Priming Treatment Effects on Seed Quality
Review and Improvement of Farm-Based Post-Harvest Handling and Seed Storage Technologies
Role of ‘Underdeveloped’ Embryos in Germination/ Dormancy Problems
Screening for Physical Dormancy (MSBP Collections)
Collecting and Conserving Wild Species from Madagascar and Building Seed Conservation Capacity
Collecting and Conserving Wild Species from Malawi and Building Seed Conservation Capacity
Seed Information Database (SID)
Seed Responses to Climate Change and Environmental Extremes
Seed Viability and Ageing Defined by Glutathione Redox Potential
SeedQuest New South Wales: An International Partnership for Plant Conservation
Seeds of Success USA: Native Plant Materials for Conservation and Restoration
Solving Seed Germination Problems in Conservation Collections
The Role of Nitrate in Breaking Dormancy
The Victorian Conservation Seedbank
Theme: Climate and Reproductive Biology
Theme: Diagnosis of Viability and Germination
Theme: Ecophysiology and Morphology
Theme: Genetics and Chemical Traits
Theme: Post-Harvest Technology
Theme: Preservation Technology
Unwelcome Guests? The Seed Biology of Invasive Species
People
Seed Conservation Department
John Adams, Steve Alton, Sharon Balding, Eugenia Holotova-Barnett, Vanessa Bertenshaw, Chris Bisson, Laura Borrer-Closs, Hongying Chen, Susanne Claessens, Louise Colville, Nicola Cotton, Vicky Crook, Matthew Daws, Jennifer Dawson, John Dickie, Mary Flynn, Angie Gardiner, Sarah Gattiker, Cathy Gibb, Kate Gold, Ian Green, Fiona Hay, Thomas Heller, David Hickmott, Rebecca Howarth, Nicola Keogh, Ilse Kranner, Della Lindsay, Simon Linington, Udayangani Liu, Kenwin Liu, Kirstine Manger, Keith Manger, Tim Marks, Arnaud Marsat, Beverly Maynard, Linda McCullough, Stephanie Miles, Thomas Mitchell, Laura Moreno, Sarah Moss, Jonas Mueller, Vicky Murphy, Jayanthi Nadarajan, Ruth Netherwood, Rosemary Newton, Tim Pearce, Hugh Pritchard, Robin Probert, Thomas Roach, Lindsay Robb, Moctar Sacande, Denise Sheppard, Paul Smith, Frances Stanley, Wolfgang Stuppy, Janet Terry, Sheila Thomas, Peter Toorop, Gemma Toothill, Clare Trivedi, Tiziana Ulian, Michiel van Slageren, Michael Way, Siân Wilson, Patricia Wood
Herbarium
Stuart Cable, David Grogan, Emma York
Information Technology
Aron Baker, Rob Turner
Wakehurst Place
Joanna Walmisley
Partners
Formal partnerships based on ABSAs
Australia
Australian Centre for Mining and Environmental Research (QLD)
Botanic Gardens of Adelaide (SA)
Brisbane Botanic Gardens
Department of Conservation and Land Management (WA)
Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment
Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (DPIWE)
Greening Australia (QLD)
Greening Australia (WA)
Griffith University (QLD)
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (NSW)
The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority (WA)
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria
The Royal Tasmanian Botanic Gardens (RTBG)
The Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG)
The University of Queensland (QLD)
Botswana
National Herbarium and Botanical Garden
National Plant Genetic Resources Centre
National Tree Seed Centre
Veld Products Research and Development
Burkina Faso
Centre National de Semences Forestières (CNSF)
Chile
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA)
China
Kunming Institute of Botany
Jordan
National Center for Agric. Research & Tech Transfer (NCARTT)
Kenya
Forestry Department
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)
Kenya Wildlife Service
National Museums of Kenya (NMK)
Lebanon
Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI)
Madagascar
Silo National des Graines Forestières (SNGF)
Malawi
Forestry Research Institute of Malawi
Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust
National Research Council of Malawi
National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens
National Plant Genetic Resource Centre
Mali
L'Institut d'Économie Rurale (IER)
Mexico
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Namibia
National Plant Genetic Resources Centre (NPGRC)
Saudi Arabia
National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD)
South Africa
South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)
Tanzania
National Herbarium of Tanzania
National Plant Genetic Resources Centre
Tanzania Tree Seed Agency
University of Dar es Salaam
USA
Bureau for Land Management (BLM)
Chicago Botanic Garden
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (LBJWC)
Zoological Society of San Diego
Non-ABSA formal partnerships, based on MOUs and other agreements
Austria
Universität Wien
Belgium
National Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
Benin
Unité de Recherches Forestières (URF)
Brazil
Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA
Bulgaria
Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Science
Canada
Devonian Botanic Garden
Cape Verde
Institut Nacional de Investigacas Agraria (INIDA)
Cote d’Ivoire
Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA)
Cyprus
Agricultural Research Institute Cyprus (ARI)
Ethiopia
Forestry Research Center (FRC)
France
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris
Georgia
Georgian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany
Ghana
Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG)
Greece
Mediterranean Agronomic Institute Chania (Crete) (MAICh)
National and Kapodistrian University, Athens
Guyana
University of Guyana
Hungary
Budapest Zoo
Ireland
Trinity College Dublin
Italy
Università di Pavia / Centro Flora Autoctona della Lombardia
Universita di Pisa, Horto Botanico
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali Trento
Mali
Programme Resources Forestières (IER/CRRA)
Mauritius
National Parks and Conservation Service
National Herbarium
Niger
Institute National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN)
Nigeria
Reforestation Project, Obafemi, Awolowo University
Poland
Botanical Garden Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw
Slovakia
Institute of Botany, Bratislava
South Africa
University of Kwa-Zulu Natal
Spain
Jardi Botanic de Soller (Mallorca)
Jardin Botanico Cordoba
Jardin Botanico Gran Canaria
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Universitat de Valencia
Togo
Direction des Eaux et Forets (DEF)
Uganda
National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC)
Plus over thirty less formal collecting and research collaborations.
Publications
Alton*, S. (2004). The Millennium Seed Bank Project international programme. Journal of Botanic Gardens Conservation International 1 (1): 15-16.
Amaral da Silva, E.A., Toorop*, P.E., van Aelst, A. & Hilhorst, H.W.M. (2004). Abscisic acid controls embryo growth potential and endosperm cap weakening during coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Rubi) seed germination. Planta 220 (2): 251-261.
Anderson, M., Findlay, F. & Tenner*, C. (2001). The Kyoto Protocol: verification falls into place. In Findlay, F. & Meier, O. (eds) Verification Yearbook 2001. London: The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre. 119-135.
Bachman*, S., Baker*, W.J., Brummitt*, N., Dransfield*, J. & Moat*, J. (2004). Elevational gradients, area and tropical island diversity: an example from the palms of New Guinea. Ecography 27 (3): 299-310.
Balcha, G., Pearce*, T.R. & Demissie, A. (2003). Biological diversity and current ex-situ conservation practices in Ethiopia. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 847-856.
Barrett, S.C.H., Linington*, S., Stephenson, A.G., Comai, L. & Ellstrand, N.C. (2003). Current knowledge of gene flow in plants: implications for transgene flow - Discussion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 358 (1434): 1170.
Bingham, M.G. & Smith*, P.P. (2002). Zambia - Red Data List. In Golding, J.S. (ed.) Southern African plant red data lists. Pretoria, South Africa: Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET). SABONET Report Series No. 14. 135-156.
Black, M.J. & Pritchard*, H.W. (eds) (2002). Desiccation and survival in plants: drying without dying. Wallingford, UK: CABI. x, 412 pp.
Black, M.J., Obendorf, R.L. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2002). Damage and tolerance in retrospect and prospect. In Black, M.J. & Pritchard, H.W. (eds) Desiccation and survival in plants: drying without dying. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 367-372.
Bone*, J., Turner*, R. & Tweddle*, J. (2003). The Millennium Seed Bank Project's specimen and taxon databases. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 327-336.
Brown, N.A.C., van Staden, J., Daws*, M.I. & Johnson, T. (2003). Patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape Floral Region. South African Journal of Botany 69: 514-525.
Brown, N.A.C., van Staden, J., Johnson, T. & Daws*, M.I. (2003). A summary of patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape floral region. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 563-574.
Crawford, A., Cochrane, A. & Probert*, R.J. (2003). Acid scarification: an effective method of removing physical dormancy in five Western Australian Acacia species. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 553-562.
Culshaw, C.M., Espinosa, P., Pritchard*, H.W. & Engels, J. (2002). Thermal scarification of hard seeds by wet heat treatment risks accelerated seed ageing: evidence from five woody taxa. In Thanos, C. & et al. (eds) Tree seeds 2002, IUFRO Symposium, 11-15 Sept. 2002 Chania, Crete: University of Athens & MAICh. 34-39.
da Silva, E.A.A., Toorop*, P.E., Nijsse, J., Bewley, J.D. & Hilhorst, H.W.M. (2005). Exogenous gibberellins inhibit coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Rubi) seed germination and cause cell death in the embryo. Journal of Experimental Botany 56 (413): 1029-1038.
Daws*, M., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Crabtree, L.M., Kirkman, P., Mullins, C.E. & Dalling, J.W. (2002). Differences in seed germination responses may promote coexistence of four sympatric Piper species. Functional Ecology 16 (2): 258-267.
Daws*, M.I., Gaméné, C., Glidewells, S.M. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2004). Seed mass variation potentially masks a single critical water content in recalcitrant seeds. Seed Science Research 14: 185-195.
Daws*, M.I., Gaméné, C.S., Sacandé*, M., Pritchard*, H.W., Groot, S.P.C. & Hoekstra, F.A. (2004). Desiccation and storage of Lannea microcarpa seeds from Burkina Faso. In Sacandé, M., Joker, D., Dulloo, M.E. & Thompsen, K.A. (eds) Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. Rome: IPGRI. 32-39.
Daws*, M.I., Garwood, N.C. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2005). Traits of recalcitrant seeds in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panama: some ecological implications. Functional Ecology 19 (5): 874-885.
Daws*, M.I., Lydall, E., Chmielarz, P., Leprince, O., Matthews, S., Thomas, C.A. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2004). Developmental heat sum influences recalcitrant seed traits in Aesculus hippocastanum across Europe. New Phytologist 162: 157-166.
Daws*, M.I., Omondi, W., Pritchard*, H.W. & Berjak, P. (2003). Some ecological and conservation aspects of Warburgia salutaris seed biology. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 431-444.
Daws*, M.I., Pearson, T.R.H., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Mullins, C.E. & Dalling, J.W. (2005). Effects of topographic position, leaf litter and seed size on seedling demography in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panama. Plant Ecology 179 (1): 93-105.
Dickie*, J.B. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2002). Systematic and evolutionary aspects of desiccation tolerance in seeds. In Black, M.J. & Pritchard, H.W. (eds) Desiccation and survival in plants: drying without dying. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 239-259.
Dickie*, J.B. & Stuppy*, W.H. (2003). Seed and fruit structure: significance in seed conservation operations. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 253-279.
Dudley, A., Wood*, C.B. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2001). Quantification of dryland tree seed storage behaviour. Kigelia africana. The project on handling and storage of recalcitrant and intermediate tropical forest tree seeds, newsletter 9 (October 2001): 6-11.
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Annex material
Annex 1: Millennium Seed Bank Project Logical Framework (Word document)
Annex 2: MSBP Draft Dissemination Strategy (Word document)
Annex 3: MSBP Training Strategy (Word document)
Annex 4: Seed Conservation Department: provision of expert, independent advice to external bodies (2001-2005) (Word document)