Leguminosae

Range of legume fruit types from a single dry valley in Madagascar (L), and large pods of Entada gigas from Africa (R). Mixed fruits photo G.P. Lewis.

Introduction

The Leguminosae (Fabaceae or bean family) is the third largest flowering plant family with 19,325 species in 728 genera and constitutes nearly one twelfth of the world’s flowering plants.

The legume family is of great significance because so many species are used throughout the world as sources of food and medicine. It is second only to grasses in economic importance and supplies foods, fodder and a wide range of products to many millions of people around the world, although fewer than 50 legume species provide 90% of the world's current legume requirements. Legumes provide some of the finest hardwoods and are valued for dyes, gums, oils, medicines and as fuels. Chemical defences are critical in legumes and have evolved, in part, to protect their protein-rich seeds from pests. Enormous potential exists to utilise more species but, without baseline taxonomic work leading ultimately to a detailed understanding of species circumscription and variation, this potential will not be met. Centres of legume diversity include Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, New Caledonia, and South and West Africa. All of these areas are threatened with habitat destruction, which is particularly significant in the drylands and wet tropics. There is an urgent need to document and study in detail the legumes of these areas. The IUCN World List of Threatened Tree Species (1998) includes 697 legume taxa (in 158 genera), some of which are very poorly known and might be close to extinction in the wild. The list is far from complete. The nutritive value of legumes is largely due to their special ability to accumulate nitrogen. Rhizobia in root nodules and fungal associations assist leguminous plants to scavenge essential elements from even the poorest soils. This versatility of legumes enhances their economic importance, which is likely to increase as human pressures demand more effective use of marginal land. The ability of legumes to stabilise and improve soils, while also offering natural products of potential value to the grower, was first recognised in arid regions where many systems of agro-forestry now use legumes as a major component. Legumes have thus become a natural major focus of Kew’s seed bank collecting programme within the drylands and thus constitute a large component of Kew’s ex situ conservation work.

Leguminosae and close relatives in the Fabales clade (Polygalaceae, Surianaceae and Quillajaceae) are an important focus of research at Kew. The Kew legume team undertakes multidisciplinary research in collaboration with a global legume network. The team is centred around the Legume Section in the Herbarium and is strengthened by staff with legume interests from the Jodrell Laboratory (Molecular Systematics, Sustainable Uses, and Micromorphology sections), HPE (through sizeable living collections) and the Seed Conservation Department (ex situ conservation of legume seed). A key strength of the team is its unsurpassed knowledge of legume genera across their global range, permitting regional, monographic and global syntheses of the family. The rapid advance in legume systematics in the past ten years, based on wide-ranging analyses of multiple data-sets including sequence data, has resulted in the documentation of many novel patterns of relationship at the genus level and above, and these, in turn, provide the backbone for a new legume classification. The multidisciplinary approach of Kew`s legume science is now addressing gaps in the big datasets, as well as reanalysing old data in light of the new phylogenies and generating new data in pollen, wood and chemical research to test existing hypotheses and create new ones. As of January 2006, the seed bank at Wakehurst Place included 4,446 legume accessions representing 1,740 species in 280 genera. The intraspecific variation held in this collection is important for future habitat restoration and other conservation strategies. What is needed for the legume team to grow strategically is more space for collections, an increase in the targeted collection of research material, more combined data analyses to develop robust hypotheses of relationship, and an increase in top quality PhD students and post-doctoral research fellows.

The overall objective of the team is to increase knowledge of legume diversity, evolution, classification, conservation and use through high quality research, and to disseminate these results widely. The team also cares for the many different legume collections across the institution and curates these to the highest standard so that future generations of plant biologists have access to the best research resources. Legume specimens are also being electronically databased and imaged as part of long-term data-sharing and capacity building programmes with partner countries. Web-based projects are being developed to capture at the generic level legume information recently published in Legumes of the World, and at the species level through joint work using the International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS).

In terms of existing expertise, Kew has a broad generic view across the family, regional expertise in major tropical areas, and taxonomic speciality at tribal and subtribal level in selected groups. There has also been extensive multidisciplinary work in the comparative biology of legumes based on wood anatomy, pollen morphology, molecular systematics, comparative phytochemistry and uses. The combined data from these disciplines have highlighted the need for a radical restructuring of higher level legume classification, a project in which the Kew legume team is actively involved.

The expertise, wide range of legume taxa, and the extensive research facilities at Kew have been the impetus for targeting problems identified through the international legume conferences, including, for example, the circumscription and phylogeny of basally branching lineages in Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae, and the disputed position of Swartzieae between Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae. Revisions and monographs have been undertaken of large, economically important, multi-use genera in the tropics, including Inga, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Crotalaria, and Indigofera, with the aim of producing illustrated, user-friendly identification manuals. Each project has been developed around a collaborative network of partners for maximum effectiveness. In 2005 Kew published Legumes of the World, an output developed from Kew`s long-standing expertise in legume systematics, its globally-based collections and international network.

The legume team provides a specialist naming service and is active in the production of checklists, Floras and monographs that aim to provide the fundamental identification and classification on which so many users depend. All of these resources are directed towards improved conservation and plant-use programmes, particularly in areas rich in legumes. Documenting and exploring the many and varied uses of legumes is a major component of the team's work.

Information is synthesised partly through the ILDIS, which provides the framework for nomenclatural consensus. As a major contributor to  the ILDIS, Kew is helping to build a comprehensive species-level database of the family across its global range and has published two regional checklists since 2003. The database currently holds about 36,000 names covering c. 19,000 taxa and is the leading example of its type. This links to Kew`s broader global checklist development programme and its commitment to meeting target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.

The legumes are generally understudied in the drylands of South America and there is still need for more work in the drylands of Africa. There is also a need for work on phylogenetically basally branching lineages to understand the diversification of the Leguminosae in more detail, and on the large genera (the family has 41 genera with more than 100 species each) which account for the majority of the species diversity in the family. These will continue to be key elements of the future strategy of legume research at Kew.

Background

The Leguminosae has been a focus of research at Kew since the work of Bentham in the mid 19th century. More recently, participation in a growing number of multi-disciplinary projects, both within and outside Kew, as well as in four International Legume Conferences, has shaped the present thrust of legume research at Kew and to a large extent internationally. The conferences alone have generated thirteen volumes (eleven published by Kew) in the Advances in Legume Systematics, Advances in Legume Science, and Advances in Legume Biology series and Kew staff, across several departments, have made major contributions to these. Research is multi-disciplinary and includes studies in phytochemistry, wood anatomy, palynology, plant-animal interactions, reproductive biology, ontogeny, molecular systematics, seed germination and storage, and taxonomy. The team is a major contributor in an international network, with a broad focus on higher level systematics, effective use of modern techniques and increasing use of electronic media for identification, inventory and GIS.

Over recent years Kew’s regional focus for legumes has been in Eastern and Southern Africa, Cameroon, Gabon, Madagascar, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador – the breadth of this focus is not matched at any other institute. Fieldwork has been geared to collecting critical taxa by region, providing a wide range of plant materials to facilitate collaboration, cross-referenced to authentically named herbarium vouchers.

Since 2001, between 3,000 to 4,000 new herbarium specimens have been accessioned each year, and on average the legume collection receives two international visitors per week, peaking to five or more during university vacations or conferences. It is a policy of the legume section to ensure that users have access to the most recently accessioned material and to collections carefully curated according to the most up-to-date revisions and monographs. Floristic work has provided the nucleus for more detailed monographic work and has been an essential first step towards an inventory of the legumes in under-explored areas.

The legume collection in the herbarium is one of the most comprehensive in the world (with about 725,000 specimens, including c. 30,000 types) and uniquely contains global representation of nearly all 728 genera currently recognised, thus making it ideally suited for targeted monographic and floristic work and multi-disciplinary science. The herbarium collections are cross-referenced to extensive ancillary collections such as fruits (5,700 samples), material preserved in spirit (c. 2,000), wood (3,800), illustrations (6,000 many originals), and over 14,000 high quality 35mm colour slides. Major genetic resources are the seed collections, live plants (c. 1,237 plant accessions covering over 800 taxa), and the DNA Bank (688 legume accessions). The Herbarium houses c. 5,000 comparative seed collections (including those in the Krukoff collection), and a further 1,817 samples representing 145 genera are held in the Economic Botany Collections (EBC), together with 700 fruit samples. In addition to the wood samples mentioned above, the EBC holds a total of 8,826 specimens and artefacts of legume origin (3,921 of which are wood samples) in their economic botany collections. There are c. 190 legume chromosome collections covering c. 110 species, 1,580 mass spectrometric analyses (LC-MS and GC-MS) of  extracts of legumes archived electronically, and over 2,015 pollen slides covering 1,947 species (for the whole Fabales clade 2,126 slides representing 2,030 species). Legume researchers at Kew have access to the plant micromorphology bibliographic database, the economic botany bibliographic database, extensive bibliographic and pictorial resources in the library and a comprehensive reprint collection. Kew compiles, edits and globally distributes the annual legume systematics newsletter Bean Bag.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)

KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)

Collections (2001-2005)

The legume collections in the Herbarium have been increased by between 3,000 and 4,000 specimens annually. Generic gaps were targeted and we now hold material of all 727 genera recognised in Legumes of the World. One genus, Heteroflorum, published by a Mexican botanist in the second half of 2005, is not yet represented at Kew, but we hope to have comprehensive material of this in the near future. Cameroon, Gabon, Bolivia and Peru were targeted for legume collecting with the aim to boost species representation in selected tree genera. Barbara Mackinder was the first Kew botanist to collect in Gabon since 1957. She collected 36 targeted species of Leguminosae, including the first ever fruiting collections of Berlinia rabiensis and Cynometra oddonii, as well as the extremely rare Trichostehanus gabonensis (family Salicaceae sensu lato). Lourdes Rico spent a six month sabbatical in Bolivia collecting legumes, carrying out research on local populations of Acacia species and training local botanists.

Some 6,320 legume types from Africa were databased and imaged as part of the African Plants Initiative (API).

As part of the repatriation of Kew Herbarium data for the Flora of Northeastern Brazil programme, 9,066 legume specimens were examined and databased. These represent 986 different taxa of 814 species in 135 genera. In addition, 472 type sheets, representing 291 names, were annotated and imaged. These data are now available online, and have been published as a hard-copy volume by Kew in 2006.

290 Richard Spruce legume specimens (including many types) from Peru and Ecuador were databased, imaged, re-curated and made available online as part of a family-wide Spruce specimen digitization programme co-ordinated by the Natural History Museum and Kew.

A substantial backlog of Quentin Luke legume collections from E Africa were identified, names provided to the collector, and specimens mounted and curated. Cameroon legumes were named as a priority so that all newly collected material could be included in the Cameroon Conservation Checklists published by Kew.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2001-2005)

Legumes of the World, an illustrated encyclopaedic account of the world`s 727 legume genera was published and has already received much acclaim. The book reflects the international collaborative network of the legume team, with 20 renowned legume systematists from seven different countries contributing text to the 36 legume tribal accounts.

The Leguminosae of Madagascar was published. This is a full floristic account of the 650 legume species (85% of which are endemic) on the island, and includes keys, descriptions and many illustrations, as well as notes on distribution, plant uses and common names. Many species treatments include full conservation assessments.

Flora Zambesiaca volume 3, part 5 (Phaseoleae, 229 species) was published in 2001 and volume 3, part 7 (Loteae to Genisteae, 324 species) in 2003. Volume 3, part 2 (157 species) and part 3 (210 species) are complete and have been submitted to the editor.

Two International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) checklists have been published by Kew: Legumes of South Asia and Legumes of Malesia. Two CDs of the ILDIS World Database of Legumes were published by the ILDIS co-ordinating centre in Reading University.

A synopsis of Berlinia species has been completed ahead of a full generic treatment planned for post-PhD thesis submission. Newtonia duncanthomasii, a new legume tree from West-Central Africa, was published.

Several neotropical Flora treatments of the mimosoid genus Acacia were submitted or are near completion, and Kew staff contributed to two papers discussing the retypification of Acacia.

Revisions of the neotropical genera Exostyles and Zollernia were published in Kew Bulletin.

Comparative Plant Biology (2001-2005)

Advances in Legume Systematics, part 10, Higher Level Systematics was published by Kew. This volume brings together the most significant systematics papers presented at the 4th International Legume Conference held in Canberra, Australia in July 2001. Six of the 19 papers were authored or co-authored by Kew legume team staff.

Great advances were made in the understanding of the global distribution patterns of legumes, including the highlighting of a new global 'succulent biome'. A key paper was published in the proceedings volume of a conference on Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns held in Copenhagen in 2003, and a chapter covering similar subject matter appeared in Legumes of the World. A benchmark paper arising from a Royal Society conference on 'Plant Phylogeny and the Origin of Major Biomes' addressed the theory that metacommunity processes, rather than vicariance, explain geographical structure in legumes.

A major review was published on the use of new analytical techniques to study systematic legume chemistry. Hydroxypipecolic acid distribution was used to support the segregation of various genera from the disbanded Monopetalanthus. An unusual trihydroxypipecolic acid, known to occur in Baphia, was also shown to be present in Baphiopsis, supporting a relationship between the two genera, although traditionally they have been placed in different legume tribes. Non-protein amino acids thought to be unique to the genus Ateleia were shown to be present in some Bocoa species using a new method of analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, supporting the relationship of some species of Bocoa to Ateleia. The quinolizidine alkaloid status of Cyclolobium, Cladrastis and Styphnolobium was clarified following the genera`s latest phylogenetic placements based mainly on molecular analyses.

In 2004 Nigel Veitch received the Jack L. Beal Award for work published in the Journal of Natural Products on the flavonoid chemistry of Ateleia herbert-smithii.  Among the twenty compounds so far identified in the leaves of Ateleia herbert-smithii seven are new natural products, including four extremely rare bis(methylenedioxy)isoflavones. The distribution of the isoflavones, chalcones and flavonol glycosides is being studied in Ateleia and related genera to better understand chemical evolution and diversity in basally branching papilionoid legume lineages. A paper on the phytochemistry of Mildbraediodendron excelsum was published in the higher impact journal Tetrahedron Letters.

A PhD thesis in pollen structure of caesalpinioid legumes was completed and successfully defended (Banks, 2004). Pollen data is being generated to assist systematic studies, identify the closest relative to Leguminosae, and provide baseline data to support further evolutionary research. The putative sister groups of Leguminosae, namely Polygalaceae, Surianaceae and Quillajaceae, were previously poorly documented palynologically. A survey of the pollen of Surianaceae and Quillajaceae was published and two other papers on Fabales pollen were also published.

 Several papers were published as part of an ongoing, international, multi-disciplinary, collaborative project on the phylogeny and evolution of caesalpinioid legumes. One tested the monophyly of the 'Umtiza clade' which unites seven genera from three different, traditionally circumscribed, legume tribes, a grouping strongly supported by sequence data and the presence of dioecy.

 The new papilionoid tree legume, Maraniona from northern Peru, was published in Systematic Botany. A monograph of Platymiscium was published in Kew Bulletin.

A paper on the floral scent of Cyathostegia mathewsii discussed the possibility that the species is pollinated by beetles, a phenomenon rare in legumes. A revision of Socotran Indigofereae, including phytogeography, was published.

Kew published the book Nodulation in Legumes, written by Professor J. I. Sprent, in 2001.

A key paper on the wood anatomy of tribe Millettieae was published.

Several legume papers were presented at the 4th International Legume Conference held in Canberra, Australia in July 2001, one at the Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns conference held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen in May 2003, one at the Plant Phylogeny and the Origin of Major Biomes meeting at the Royal Society in March 2004, and two at the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005. The team presented many other oral and poster papers during the five year period.

Ten legume PhDs co-supervised by Kew legume team staff were awarded during the period and a further three are currently being supervised.  

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)

A major emphasis of work is on the isolation and characterisation of compounds from legumes that have medicinal properties and/or play a role in plant-insect and plant-fungal interactions. The isolation and identification of novel plant compounds is also a principal aim. A number of papers were published on the chemistry and biological actions of the genera Cicer (chickpea) and Cajanus (pigeonpea). Specifically, in wild species of chickpea we have identified compounds that confer resistance to one of its most important diseases, Fusarium wilt, and have potent anti-insect properties. We have also identified a range of compounds on the pod surfaces of cultivated pigeonpea that stimulate the egg-laying behaviour of the pod-borer Helicoverpa armigera and these may be targets for deselection in breeding.

As part of a review of 1,700 species of plants used traditionally to treat diabetes we identified over 80 species from 47 genera of Leguminosae that are reported to have anti-diabetic properties. We are currently studying the active compounds in these species which include species of Phaseolus, Pterocarpus, Indigofera and Cajanus.

A collaborative NE Brazilian fuelwood project continued to develop a sustainable management plan for fuelwood production from caatinga vegetation. The survey includes a number of legumes in the genera Caesalpinia and Mimosa. 

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)

Accessions of legume seeds added to the collections in the Millennium Seed Bank have increased by 1,600 since 2001. This represents an addition of nearly 900 species and 35 genera. Additional legume seed accessions have been accumulated as follows: 2001: 167; 2002: 205; 2003: 216; 2004: 405; and 2005: 555. A collection guide to the endemic legumes of Kenya was produced as part of the MSB 'Seeds for Life' project.

Conservation assessments were published for many Madagascan endemic species of legume in Leguminosae of Madagascar.

FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

Collections (2006 onwards)

We will continue to ensure that the Herbarium collections represent all genera recognised in the family and we will target for collecting trips geographical regions that increase species representation. We are currently negotiating a legume exchange programme with Colombia under the guidance of the Conventions and Policies team at Kew.

We will continue to name incoming specimens in a timely fashion and make all material accessible to users through quality curation. The legume team is encouraging debate that will seek ways to better reward specialist naming of legumes and curation of all associated collections.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2006 onwards)

Flora Zambesiaca legumes will be completed and the final three volumes published (volume 3, part 2, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, covering 157 species, in 2006; volume 3, part 3, Papilionoid tribes Swartzieae to Robinieae, with 210 species, in 2007; and volume 3, part 4 containing the Indigofereae, with c. 180 spieces, by the end of 2008).

The team will develop an electronic version of the book Legumes of the World (LOWO: Legumes of the World Online) so that new information can be included on a regular basis, and the book can ultimately go live on the Web. The first phase of this project began in September 2006 with the assistance of a one year sandwich student from Birmingham University Bioinformatics Department.

A revision of the 300 species of South African Indigofera will be undertaken.

Seven new tropical African legume trees have been recently discovered: four Berlinia species and three Hymenostegia species. A revision of the genus Guibourtia will be completed.

Two papers on neotropical Acacia are to be published before the end of 2007. One is a revision of the segregate genus Acaciella, and the other an annotated checklist of all 161 neotropical species.

Barbara Mackinder will continue to compile, edit, and globally distribute the annual newsletter Bean Bag. All back numbers are to be made accessible on the Web.

The team will continue to facilitate UK legume networking through annual legume workshops. The next is to be held in November 2006 at the Jodrell Laboratory of Kew.

Comparative Plant Biology (2006 onwards)

Nigel Veitch was commissioned to write a review article entitled “Isoflavonoids of the Leguminosae 1997-2004” for the Royal Society of Chemistry Journal, Natural Product Reports to be published in 2006-7 (Impact Factor 7.890). A preliminary survey of the literature on isoflavonoids for the period indicates that there are approximately 450 new examples of these compounds, more than 90% of which originate from the Leguminosae. The use of molecular techniques (DNA sequencing) in the same period has led to advances in legume systematics which have been incorporated into the recently published volume, Legumes of the World. This will be used as the reference point for the taxonomy underpinning the review. All the major isoflavonoid subclasses will be surveyed, including their glycosides, dimers, heterodimers and oligomers.

Another focus for phytochemical investigations will be genera currently classified in the tribes Sophoreae and Swartzieae of subfamily Papilionoideae which are now thought to comprise an unnatural assemblage, with several genera having closer affinities with other legume tribes and generic groupings than with core Sophoreae and Swartzieae. Modern analytical techniques, such as the combination of high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, will be used in these studies to examine small fragments of herbarium material. This approach will help determine whether an uncommon compound described from a given taxon occurs in other previously unstudied taxa that are now thought to be related. Another approach will be to undertake detailed phytochemical characterisation of taxa cultivated at RBG Kew through the isolation of compounds and their structural elucidation by in-house NMR spectroscopy. This approach may reveal new phytochemical characters that can then be investigated in a systematic framework.

A benchmark paper based on ITS sequences of over 320 of the 800 known species of Indigofereae combined with a matrix of 80 morphological characters will be submitted in 2007.

A monograph of the genus Berlinia, to include the results of a phylogenetic investigation, was submitted as a PhD thesis to the University of Edinburgh in  October 2006. The monograph is to be submitted for publication in 2007 and to include conservation assessments of all species.

A full taxonomic revision of 'core Hymenostegia' is to be completed and to include conservation assessments. Depending on the results of a phylogenetic investigation, the publication of a number of generic segregates may be required.

A new classification of subfamily Caesalpinioideae is to be submitted for publication, based on the findings of a series of analyses of multiple data-sets. This multi-national collaborative project (Phylogeny and Evolution of Caesalpinioid Legumes) is funded by the National Science Foundation of the USA and has already generated a series of publications.

The team will lead on data gathering and analysis of the biogeography of legumes, building on a number of previously published ground-breaking papers on legume biomes and patterns of legume distribution.

A new project will examine the pollen of mimosoid species in Madagascar. The pollen of the Mimosoideae is known to largely occur in polyads. There are, however, some mimosoid species in which pollen is released as individual grains, and such species occur amongst lower branching mimosoid lineages as sister taxa to other species that release their pollen in polyads. The project will examine whether there are observable ecological distributions that explain these differences in endemic mimosoid species of Madagascar. RBG Kew has particular expertise in producing and analysing GIS data for Madagascar, and this will be utilised in this study. The developmental mechanism of polyad formation is at present unknown and also requires elucidation.

A survey of the pollen of Polygalaceae is currently being prepared for publication. No previous systematic account of pollen in Polygalaceae has been published.

The study of the wood anatomy of papilionoid legumes will continue with a survey of the remaining woody tribes and gaps at the generic level will be addressed by actively seeking out new wood accessions.

The team will continue to make major contributions at international scientific conferences.

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2006 onwards)

The legume team will continue to investigate bioactive molecules from legumes and continue to research into legume-derived compounds of importance to medicine and agriculture.

A collaborative NE Brazilian fuelwood project will be completed and the results of the study published, including a sustainable management plan for fuelwood production from caatinga vegetation. The survey includes a number of legumes in the genera Caesalpinia and Mimosa.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)

The collection of legume seeds will continue to be a major focus of Kew`s Millennium Seed Bank, especially in the drylands of South America and parts of Africa. Legume collecting programmes within the drylands constitute a large component of Kew's ex situ conservation work. 46 endemic legume species for the Flora regions T2 and T6 in Tanzania were targeted for collection in 2006. The legume staff of the Herbarium, in particular, will integrate with the MSB seed collecting teams to target key legumes in various countries. The production of a taxonomic identification guide for the legumes of Botswana is to be considered.

The team will contribute conservation assessments for legume species published in papers, Floras and monographs authored or co-authored by Kew staff.

All Berlinia and Hymenostegia (sensu lato) species (total c. 35) will have Red Data assessments submitted by the end of 2007.

Legume contributions to the Kew published Cameroon Conservation Checklist series will continue.

Projects

Biogeography of the Leguminosae

Flora of China

Flora Zambesiaca: Leguminosae

Fuelwoods: Structure and Sustainability

Importance of Legumes and Legume-Derived Compounds in Medicine and Agriculture

Isoflavonoids of the Leguminosae

Legume Seed Collection for the Millennium Seed Bank

Legumes of the World Online

Mimosoid Pollen in Madagascar

New Phylogeny of the Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae

Pollen of Polygalaceae

Repatriation of NE Brazilian Legumes

Systematic Phytochemistry of Legumes

Systematic Study of Tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae)

Systematics and Evolution of the Tropical African Genus Hymenostegia (Detarieae: Caesalpinioideae: Leguminosae)

Systematics of Neotropical Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)

Systematics of the Tropical African Genus Berlinia (Detarieae: Caesalpinioideae: Leguminosae)

Wood Anatomy of Leguminosae

People

Herbarium

Ruth Clark, Bente Klitgaard (Research Associate), Gwilym Lewis, Mike Lock (Honorary Research Fellow), Barbara Mackinder, Terry Pennington (Honorary Research Fellow), Lourdes Rico, Brian Schrire

HPE

Kath Smith

ISD

Bob Allkin

Jodrell Laboratory

Hannah Banks, Peter Gasson, Renée Grayer, Paul Green, Melanie Howes, Geoff Kite, Elaine Porter, Monique Simmonds, Phil Stevenson, Nigel Veitch

Seed Conservation Department

Damien Hicks

Partners

Argentina

Darwinian Institute

Australia

Australian National Botanic Gardens, Canberra

National Herbarium of NSW

Western Australian Herbarium, Perth

Belgium

National Botanic Garden

Brazil

Associação Plantas do Nordeste, Recife

Botanical Garden Rio de Janeiro

Cocoa Research Institute, Bahia

State University of Feira de Santana

Cameroon

University of Yaoundé

Canada

University of Montreal

Costa Rica

Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)

Denmark

University of Aarhus

Ecuador

National Herbarium, Quito

National University, Loja

France

Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle

Ghana

Crops Research Institute

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Guyana

Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation & Development (Iwokrama)

India

International Crop Research for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta

National Herbarium, Calcutta

School of Chemistry, University of Delhi

Iran

University of Arak

University of Tehran

Japan

Tohoku University, Japan

Malawi

National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens, Zomba

Mexico

Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico City

National University of Mexico

The Netherlands

Herbarium Vadense, Wageningen

Rijksherbarium, Leiden

Russia

Komarov Institute, St. Petersburg

Moscow State University

South Africa

Bolus Herbarium, Cape Town

National Botanical Institute, Cape Town and Pretoria

Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg

Rhodes University, Grahamstown

Sri Lanka

Rice Research and Development Institute, Ibbagamuwa

Sweden

Botanical Museum, Uppsala

Tunisia

Institute des Regions Arides, Medenine

School of Chemistry, University of Sfax

School of Pharmacy, University of Monastir

UK

Advisory and Development Service (ADAS)

Birkbeck College

Birmingham University

CABI Science, Egham

Department of Pharmacy, King`s College, London

Dundee University

Leeds University

National Botanic Garden of Wales

Natural Resources Institute, Greenwich University

Oxford University

Reading University

RBG Edinburgh

Southampton University

St. Andrews University

USA

L. H. Bailey Hortorium

Missouri Botanical Garden

Montana State University

New York Botanical Garden

Washington State University

University of Austin, Texas

University of Santa Barbara

Publications

Adema, F. & Barham*, J. (2002). A new species of Cruddasia (Leguminosae) from Thailand. Kew Bulletin 57 (1): 223-226.

Al-Fredan*, M.A. (2002). Systematics and population variation of the genus Senna L. (Leguminosae) in Saudi Arabia. PhD Thesis. London: Birkbeck College, Univ. of London. 311 pp.

Andrews*, S. & Schrire*, B.D. (2004). Expert speakers recommend Indigofera for late summer colour. The Plantsman (n.s.) 3 (4): 186.

Athavale, P.N., Shum, K.W., Gasson*, P. & Gawkrodger, D.J. (2003). Occupational hand dermatitis in a wood turner due to rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia). Contact Dermatitis 48 (6): 345-346.

Awmack, C.S. & Lock*, M. (2002). The genus Alhagi (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) in the Middle East. Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 435-443.

Banks*, H. (2003). Structure of pollen apertures in the Detarieae sensu stricto (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), with particular reference to underlying structures (Zwischenkörper). Annals of Botany 92: 425- 435.

Banks*, H. (2004). Pollen structure in caesalpinioid legumes. PhD Thesis. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University. 246 pp.

Banks*, H., Klitgaard, B.B., Lewis*, G.P., Crane*, P.R. & Bruneau, A. (2003). Pollen and the systematics of tribes Caesalpinieae and Cassieae (Caesalpinioideae: Leguminosae). In Klitgaard, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) Advances in legume systematics, part 10, higher level systematics. Kew, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 95-122.

Barham*, J. (2005). Tribe Dipterygeae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 250-251.

Beaman*, J.H., Anderson, C. & Beaman, R.S. (2001). The plants of Mount Kinabalu, 4. Dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Lythraceae. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) in association with The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xiv, 570 pp.

Bisby, F.A., Zarucchi, J.Z., Schrire*, B.D., Roskov, Y.R. & White, R.J. (2002). The ILDIS world database of legumes. Release 7. [CD-ROM] ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre, University of Reading. Available at www.ildis.org

Brummitt*, R.K. (2003). 98. Calpurnia E. Mey. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 53-55.

Bruneau, A., Forest, F., Herendeen, P.S., Klitgaard, B.B. & Lewis*, G.P. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Systematic Botany 26 (3): 487-514.

Burgoyne, P.M., van Wyk, A.E., Anderson, J.M. & Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Phanerozoic evolution of plants on the African plate. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 13-52.

Cheek*, M., Pollard*, B.J., Darbyshire*, I., Onana, J.M. & Wild, C. (eds) (2004). The plants of Kupe, Mwanenguba and the Bakossi Mountains: a conservation checklist - with introductory chapters on the physical environment, vegetation, endemics, invasives, phytogeography and refugia, ethnobotany, bryophytes, the macrofungi, the vertebrate fauna, the protected areas system, sacred groves and IUCN Red Data species. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (Includes contributions by Baker*, W.J., Bhandol*, P., Bidgood*, S., Bridson*, D., Brummitt*, N.A., Cheek*, M., Cope*, T.A., Cribb*, P.J., Darbyshire*, I., Dawson*, S.E., Dransfield *, J., Edwards*, P.J., Frodin*, D.G., Gosline*, G., Goyder*, D.J., Green*, P.S., Harvey*, Y.B., Hoffmann*, P., Lock*, J.M., MacKinder*, B.A., Norup*, M V, Phillips*, S.M., Polhill*, R.M., Pollard*, B.J., Prance*, G.T., Roberts*, P.R., Sothers*, C.A., Townsend*, C., Utteridge*, T.M.A., Vollesen*, K., Wilkin*, P., Woodgyer*, E., Zappi*, D. - Kew staff only listed) 508 pp.

Claxton*, F., Banks*, H., Klitgaard, B.B. & Crane*, P.R. (2005). Pollen morphology of families Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 133 (3-4): 221-233.

Conceição, A.d.S., Queiroz, L.P., de & Lewis*, G.P. (2001). Novas especies de Chamaecrista Moench (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Sitientibus, Cienc. Biol. 1 (2): 110-115.

Cortes Burns, H., Schrire*, B.D., Pennington, R.T. & Miller, A.G. (2004). A taxonomic revision of Socotran Indigofereae (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) with insights into the phytogeographical links of the Socotran Archipelago. Nordic Journal of Botany 22 (6): 693-711.

Crawford, A., Cochrane, A. & Probert*, R.J. (2003). Acid scarification: an effective method of removing physical dormancy in five Western Australian Acacia species. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 553-562.

Crisp, M.D., Chappill, J.A., de Kok*, R. & Jobson, P. (2005). Tribe Mirbelieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 339-353.

de Kok*, R.P.J. (2003). The collecting history of the eastern species of Pultenaea Sm. (Leg.). Australian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter 115: 1-2.

de Kok*, R.P.J. & West, J.G. (2003). A revision of Pultenaea Sm. (Fabaceae). 2. The eastern species with velutinous ovaries and incurved leaves. Australian Systematic Botany 16 (2): 229-273.

de Kok*, R.P.J. & West, J.G. (2004). A revision of the genus Pultenaea Sm. (Fabaceae). 3. The eastern species with recurved leaves. Australian Systematic Botany 17 (3): 273-326.

Dharmasena, C.M.D., Blaney, W.M. & Simmonds*, M.S.J. (2001). Effect of storage on the efficacy of powdered leaves of Annona squamosa for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpeas, Vigna unguiculata. Phytoparasitica 29 (3): 191-196.

Du Puy, D.J. & Moat*, J. (2002). Ecology of the Leguminosae in Madagascar. In Du Puy, D.J., Labat, J.N., Rabevohitra, R., Villiers, J.F., Bosser, J. & Moat, J. (eds) The Leguminosae of Madagascar. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 9-16, colour plates 11-14.

Du Puy, D.J., Labat, J.N., Rabevohitra, R., Villiers, J.F., Bosser, J. & Moat*, J. (2002). The Leguminosae of Madagascar. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. x, 737 pp.

Edwards, H.G.M., de Oliveira, L.F.C. & Nesbitt*, M. (2003). Fourier-transform Raman characterization of brazilwood trees and substitutes. Analyst 128 (1): 82-87.

Forest*, F. (2004). Systematics of Fabales and Polygalaceae, with emphasis on Muraltia and the origin of the Cape Flora. PhD Thesis. University of Reading and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 176 pp.

Fortunato, R.H., Polhill*, R.M. & Verdcourt*, B. (2002). (1566) Proposal to change the authorship of Eriosema, nom. cons. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) and to delete Euriosma Desv., nom. rej. Taxon 51 (4): 817-818.

Gale, S.W. & Pennington*, T.D. (2004). Lysiloma (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Mesoamerica. Kew Bulletin 59 (3): 453-467.

Garin-Aguilar, M.E., del Toro, G.V., Soto-Hernandez, M. & Kite*, G. (2005). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of alkaloids extracted from seeds of Erythrina herbacea. Phytochemical Analysis 16 (5): 302-306.

Gasson*, P. & Wray*, E. (2001). Wood anatomy of Cyathostegia mathewsii (Swartzieae, Papilionoideae, Leguminosae). IAWA Journal 22 (2): 193-199.

Gasson*, P., Trafford*, C. & Matthews, B. (2003). Wood anatomy of Caesalpinioideae. In Klitgaard, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) Advances in legume systematics, part 10, higher level systematics. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 63-93.

Gasson*, P., Wray*, E. & Schrire*, B.D. (2004). Wood anatomy of the tribe Millettieae with comments on related Papilionoid Leguminosae. IAWA Journal 25 (4): 485-545.

Giulietti, A.M., Harley*, R.M., de Queiroz, L.P., Barbosa, M.R.V. & Figueiredo, M.A. (2002). Espécies endêmicas da caatinga. In Sampaio, E.V.S.B., Giulietti, A.M., Virginio, J. & Gamarra-Rojas, C.F.L. (eds) Vegetação e flora da caatinga. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste and Centro Nordestino de Informação sobre Plantas. 103-115.

Govaerts*, R. (2004). (205-207) Three proposals to remove alternative family names. Taxon 53 (2): 603-604.

Goyder*, D.J. (2005). Plant portraits: 527. Lathyrus davidii. Leguminosae: Papilionoideae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22: 111-117.

Green*, P., Hutton, I. & Cooke*, D. (2002). Plant portraits: 453. Sophora howinsula, Leguminosae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 19 (4): 237-240.

Green*, P.W.C., Stevenson*, P.C., Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Sharma, H.C. (2002). Can larvae of the pod-borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), select between wild and cultivated pigeonpea [Cajanus sp. (Fabaceae)]? Bulletin of Entomological Research 92 (1): 45-51.

Green*, P.W.C., Stevenson*, P.C., Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Sharma, H.C. (2003). Phenolic compounds on the pod-surface of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan, mediate feeding behavior of Helicoverpa armigera larvae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29 (4): 811-821.

Harvey*, Y., Pollard*, B.J., Darbyshire*, I., Onana, J.M. & Cheek*, M. (eds) (2004). The plants of Bali Ngemba Forest Reserve, Cameroon: a conservation checklist. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (Includes contributions by Beentje*, H.J., Bhandol*, P., Challen*, G.L., Cheek*, M., Clark*, R.P., Cope*, T.A., Cribb*, P.J., Darbyshire*, I., Dawson*, S.E., Frodin*, D.G., Gosline*, G., Goyder*, D.J., Green*, P.S., Harvey*, Y.B., Hind*, D.J.N., Hoffmann*, P., Lock*, J.M., MacKinder*, B.A., Polhill*, R.M., Pollard*, B.J., Prance*, G.T., Roberts*, D.L., Rønsted*, N., Sothers*, C.A., Townsend*, C., Vollesen*, K., Wilkin*, P., Woodgyer*, E. - Kew staff only listed) 154 pp.

Haston*, E. (2003). A phylogenetic investigation of the Peltophorum group (Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae) and taxonomic revision of the genus Conzattia Rose. PhD Thesis. Reading: Reading University. 256 pp.

Haston, E.M., Lewis*, G.P. & Hawkins, J.A. (2003). A phylogenetic investigation of the Peltophorum group (Caesalpinieae: Leguminosae). In Klitgaard, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) Advances in legume systematics: part 10. Higher level systematics. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 149-159.

Haston, E.M., Lewis*, G.P. & Hawkins, J.A. (2005). A phylogenetic reappraisal of the Peltophorum group (Caesalpinieae : Leguminosae) based on the chloroplast trnL-F, rbcL and rps16 sequence data. American Journal of Botany 92 (8): 1359-1371.

Herendeen, P.S., Bruneau, A. & Lewis*, G.P. (2003). Phylogenetic relationships in caesalpinioid legumes: a preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data. In Klitgaard, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) Advances in legume systematics: part 10. Higher level systematics. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 37-62.

Herendeen, P.S., Lewis*, G.P. & Bruneau, A. (2003). Floral morphology in caesalpinioid legumes: testing the monophyly of the "Umtiza clade". International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (5 suppl.): S393-S407.

Hughes, C.E., Lewis*, G.P., Yomona, A.D. & Reynal, C. (2004). Maraniona. A new Dalbergioid legume genus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Peru. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 366-374.

Ireland*, H. (2005). Tribe Swartzieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 215-225.

Jayasekara, T.K., Stevenson*, P.C., Hall, D.R. & Belmain, S.R. (2005). Effect of volatile constituents from Securidaca longepedunculata on insect pests of stored grain. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (2): 303-313.

Juan, A., Crespo, M.B., Cowan*, R.S., Lexer*, C. & Fay*, M.F. (2004). Patterns of the variability and gene flow found in an endemic island species, Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae), revealed by AFLP. Molecular Ecology 13: 2679-2690.

Kite*, G.C. (2003). Taxonomic significance of the trihydroxypipecolic acid 'BR1' in Baphiopsis parviflora (Leguminosae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31: 45-50.

Kite*, G.C. (2005). Support for the removal of Cylolobium from tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) from its quinolizidine alkaloid status. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 33 (1): 39-43.

Kite*, G.C. & Ireland*, H. (2002). Non-protein amino acids of Bocoa (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae). Phytochemistry 59 (2): 163-168.

Kite*, G.C. & Pennington, R.T. (2003). Quinolizidine alkaloid status of Styphnolobium and Cladrastis (Leguminosae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31: 1409-1416.

Kite*, G.C. & Wieringa, J.J. (2003). Hydroxypipecolic acids and hydroxyprolines as chemical characters in Aphanocalyx, Bikinia and Tetraberlinia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): support for the segregation of Monopetalanthus. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31: 279-292.

Kite*, G.C., Howes*, M.-J.R. & Simmonds*, M.S.J. (2004). Metabolomic analysis of saponins in crude extracts of Quillaja saponaria by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for product authentication. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 18 (23): 2859-2870.

Kite*, G.C., Veitch*, N.C., Grayer*, R.J. & Simmonds*, M.S.J. (2003). The use of hyphenated techniques in comparative phytochemical studies of legumes. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31: 813-843.

Klitgaard*, B.B. (2005). Platymiscium (Leguminosae: Dalbergieae): biogeography, systematics, morophology, taxonomy and uses. Kew Bulletin 60 (3): 321-400.

Klitgaard*, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) (2003). Advances in legume systematics, part 10, higher level systematics. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xiii + 422 pp.

Klitgaard*, B.B. & Lavin, M. (2005). Tribe Dalbergieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 307-335.

Kumar, S., Sane, P.V., [Polhill*, R.M., Schrire*, B.D., Lock*, J.M. & Bisby, F.A., (taxonomic editors)] (2003). Legumes of South Asia. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 536 pp.

Labat, J.N. & Moat*, J. (2003). Leguminosae (Fabaceae). In Goodman, S.M. & Benstead, J.P. (eds) The natural history of Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 346-373.

Lavin, M. & Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Robinieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 467-473.

Lavin, M. & Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Sesbanieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 452-453.

Lavin, M., Pennington, R.T., Klitgaard*, B.B., Sprent, J.I., Cavalcante de Lima, H. & Gasson*, P.E. (2001). The Dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade. American Journal of Botany 88 (3): 503-533.

Lavin, M., Schrire*, B.D., Lewis*, G.P., Pennington, R.T., Delgado Salinas, A., Thulin, M., Hughes, C.E., Beyra Matos, A. & Wojciechowski, M.F. (2004). Metacommunity process rather than continental tectonic history better explains geographically structured phylogenies in legumes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 359: 1509-1522.

Lavin, M., Wojciechowski, M.F., Gasson*, P., Hughes, C. & Wheeler, E. (2003). Phylogeny of Robinioid legumes (Fabaceae) revisited: Coursetia and Gliricidia recircumscribed, and a biogeographical appraisal of the Caribbean endemics. Systematic Botany 28: 387-409.

Leteinturier, B. & Polhill*, R.M. (2003). Two new species of Crotalaria (Fabaceae) from metalliferous sites in Zimbabwe. Systematics and Geography of Plants 73 (2): 285-288.

Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) (2005). Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 577 pp.

Lewis*, G.P. (2001). Comments on Guianan legumes. Flora of the Guianas Newsletter no. 13: 56-60.

Lewis*, G.P. (2005). Tribe Cassieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 111-125.

Lewis*, G.P. (2005). Tribe Caesalpinieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 127-161.

Lewis*, G.P. (2005). Tribe Acacieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 187-191.

Lewis*, G.P. & Forest*, F. (2005). Tribe Cercideae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 57-67.

Lewis*, G.P. & Klitgaard, B.B. (2002). Leguminosas del sur de Ecuador. In Aguirre M, Z., Madsen, J.E., Cotton, E. & Balslev, H. (eds) Botanica austroecuatoriana: estudios sobre los recursos vegetales en las provincias de El Oro, Loja, y Zamora-Chinchipe. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Abya Yala. 185-224.

Lewis*, G.P. & Rico Arce*, L. (2005). Tribe Ingeae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 193-213.

Lewis*, G.P. & Schrire*, B.D. (2003). Leguminosae or Fabaceae? In Klitgaard, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) Advances in legume systematics: part 10. Higher level systematics. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1-3.

Lewis*, G.P. & Schrire*, B.D. (2003). Thailentadopsis Kostermans (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: Ingeae) resurrected. Kew Bulletin 58 (2): 491-494.

Lewis*, G.P. & Schrire*, B.D. (2004). Micklethwaitia, a new name for Brenaniodendron J.Leonard (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Detarieae). Kew Bulletin 59 (1): 166.

Lewis*, G.P., Knudsen, J.T., Klitgaard, B.B. & Pennington, R.T. (2003). The floral scent of Cyathostegia mathewsii (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) and preliminary observations on reproductive biology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31 (9): 951-962.

Lima, H.C., de, Lewis*, G.P. & Bueno, E. (2002). Pau-brasil: uma biografia. In Bueno, E. & et al (eds) Pau-Brasil. São Paulo: Axis Mundi. 39-76.

Lock*, J.M. (2005). Tribe Thermopsideae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 263-265.

Lock*, J.M. (2005). Tribe Amorpheae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 299-305.

Lock*, J.M. (2005). Tribe Trifolieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 499-503.

Lock*, J.M. (2005). Tribe Hedysareae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 489-495.

Lock*, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia: a checklist. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 295 pp.

Lock*, J.M. & Maxted, N. (2005). Tribe Cicereae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 496-497.

Lock*, J.M. & Maxted, N. (2005). Tribe Fabeae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 505-509.

Lock*, J.M. & Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Galegeae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 475-487.

Luckow, M., Hughes, C., Schrire*, B., Winter, P., Fagg, C., Fortunato, R., Hurter, J., Rico*, L., Breteler, F.J., Bruneau, A., Caccavari, M., Craven, L., Crisp, M., Delgado, A., Demissew, S., Doyle, J.J., Grether, R., Harris, S., Herendeen, P.S., Hernandez, H.M., Hirsch, A.M., Jobson, R., Klitgaard, B.B., Labat, J.N., Lock*, M., MacKinder*, B., Pfeil, B., Simpson, B.B., Smith, G.F., Sousa, M., Timberlake, J., van der Maesen, J.G., Van Wyk, A.E., Vorster, P., Willis, C.K., Wieringa, J.J. & Wojciechowski, M.F. (2005). Acacia: the case against moving the type to Australia. Taxon 54 (2): 513-519.

Luke, Q. & Verdcourt*, B. (2004). An early record of Gigasiphon macrosiphon (Harms) Brenan (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) from Kenya and an update on its conservation status. Journal of East African Natural History 93 (1-2): 75-77.

Mackinder*, B. (2001 [2002]). Further systematic studies in Berlinia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Detarieae sensu lato). In Robbrecht, E., Degreef, J. & Friis, I. (eds) Plant systematics and phytogeography for the understanding of African biodiversity. Proceedings of the XVI AETFAT Congress, held at the National Botanic Garden, Belgium, Aug. 28 - Sept. 2, 2000. Meise: National Botanic Garden (Belgium). Systematics and Geography of Plants, 71(2) special issue. 443-441.

Mackinder*, B. (2005). Tribe Detarieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 69-109.

Mackinder*, B. & Cheek*, M. (2003). A new species of Newtonia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) from Cameroon. Kew Bulletin 58 (2): 447-452.

Mackinder*, B., Pasquet, R., Polhill*, R.M. & Verdcourt*, B. (2001). Tribe 8. Phaseoleae. In Pope, G.V. & Polhill, R.M. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 5. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1-261.

Mansano, V.d.F. & Lewis*, G.P. (2004). A revision of the genus Exostyles Schott (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 521-529.

Mansano, V.d.F., Tozzi, A.M.G.d.A. & Lewis*, G.P. (2004). A revision of the South American genus Zollernia Wied-Neuw & Nees (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Swartzieae). Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 497-520.

Mansano, V.F., Lewis*, G.P. & Tozzi, A.M.G.A. (2002). Swartzia burchellii (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) from Goiás, Brazil; a new name for a taxon proposed by Bentham. Kew Bulletin 57 (3): 635-638.

McNeil*, A. & Brummitt*, R.K. (2003). The usage of alternative names of eight flowering plant families. Taxon 52 (4): 853-856.

Muthoka, P.N., Probert*, R.J. & Coomber, S.A. (2003). Seed quality studies in the Kenyan shrub Millettia leucantha. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 135-149.

Noori*, M. (2002). Characterization of the Iranian species of Sophora and Ammodendron (Leguminosae, Sophoreae). PhD Thesis. London: Birkbeck College, Univ. of London. 304 pp.

Noori*, M., Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Ingrouille, M. (2001). Chromosome studies of Iranian members of the tribe Sophoreae (family Leguminosae). Journal of Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran 12 (2): 111-116.

Orthia, L.A., Crisp, M.D., Cook, L.G. & de Kok*, R.P.J. (2005). Bush peas: a rapid radiation with no support for monophyly of Pultenaea (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae). Australian Systematic Botany 18 (2): 133-147.

Orthia, L.A., de Kok*, R.P.J. & Crisp, M.D. (2005). A revision of Pultenaea (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae). 4. Species occurring in Western Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 18 (2): 149-206.

Pennington, R.T., Lavin, M., Ireland*, H., Klitgaard*, B., Preston, J. & Hu, J.M. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships of basal papilionoid legumes based upon sequences of the chloroplast trnL intron. Systematic Botany 26 (3): 537-556.

Pennington, R.T., Stirton, C.H. & Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Sophoreae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 227-249.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 106. Dichilus DC. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 248-250.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 105. Lebeckia Thunb. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 245-246.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 101. Robynsiophyton R Wilczek. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 66-67.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 110. Lupinus L. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 263-265.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 102. Crotalaria L. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 68-228.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 99. Pearsonia Dummer In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 56-63.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 100. Rothia Pers. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 64-66.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 107. Melolobium Eckl. & Zeyh. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 250-253.

Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 104. Lotononis (DC) Eckl. & Zeyh. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 233-245.

Polhill*, R.M. & Van Wyk, B.E. (2005). Tribe Genisteae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 283-297.

Pope*, G.V. & Polhill*, R.M. (eds) (2001). Flora Zambesiaca vol. 3, part 5. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. vi, 261 pp.

Pope*, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) (2003). Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 274 pp.

Richardson, J.E., Pennington, R.T., Pennington*, T.D. & Hollingsworth, P.M. (2001). Rapid diversification of a species rich genus of neotropical rain forest trees. Science 293 (5538): 2242-2245.

Rico Arce*, L. (2001). Mimosaceae. In Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (eds) Flora de Nicaragua. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 85 (2): 1446-1507.

Rico Arce*, L. (2001). Fabaceae. In Beaman, J.H., Anderson, C. & Beaman, R.S. (eds) The plants of Mount Kinabalu. 4. Dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Lythraceae. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) in association with The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 316-432.

Rico Arce*, L. (2003). El banco de semillas de los Jardines de Kew. Ciencias 68: 42-45.

Rico Arce*, L. (2004). Two new combinations in Acaciella (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae). Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 327-328.

Rico Arce*, L. (2004). Pithecellobium campylacanthus M.Sousa & L.Rico (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a spelling correction. Kew Bulletin 59 (1): 167.

Rico Arce*, L. & Banks*, H. (2001). A preliminary survey of pollen and other morphological characters in neotropical Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (3): 263-270.

Rico Arce*, M.d.L. (2004). Leguminosas. In Gracía-Mendoza, A.J., Ordoñez, M.J. & Briones-Salas, M. (eds) Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. México: Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund. 249-269.

Rico Arce*, M.d.L. (2005). Nombres nuevos para dos especies Mexicanas de Acacia (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Acta Botanica Mexicana 71: 89-92.

Rico Arce*, M.d.L. & Fonseca, R.M. (2005). Acacieae (Mimosaceae). In Flora de Guerrero No. 25. México: Coordinación de Servicios Editoriales. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. 1-56.

Rico Arce*, M.L. (2001). El género Acacia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) en el estado de Oaxaca, México. Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 58 (2): 251-302.

Rico Arce*, M.L. (2003). Leguminosas de Bolivia. Bolivia Ecológica Revista Trimestral, 30 Cochabamba, Bolivia: Centro de Ecologia Simon I Patino. 28 pp.

Rico Arce*, M.L. & Griffiths*, P. (2002). Two little known Acacia species from Mexico. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 19 (3): 152-159.

Rosales, J.N., Maxted, L., Rico Arce*, L. & Petts, G. (2003). Ecohydrological and ecohydrographical methodology applied to conservation of riparian vegetation: the Caura River as an example. In Chernoff, B.A., Machado-Allison, K.J., Riseng, K.J. & Montambault, J.R. (eds) A biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Caura River Basin, Bolivar State, Venezuela. Washington, D.C.: Conservation International. Bulletin of Biological Assessment; no. 28. 75-85, 172-183.

Roskov, Y.R., Bisby, F.A., Zarucchi, J.L., Schrire*, B.D. & White, R.J. (2005). ILDIS World Database of Legumes: draft checklist on CD. [CD-ROM] ILDIS, University of Reading, UK.

Sawkins, M.C., Maass, B.l., Pengelly, C., Newbury, H.J., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Maxted, M. & Smith*, R.D. (2001). Geographical patterns of genetic variation in two species of Stylosanthes Sw. using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Molecular Ecology 10 (8): 1947-1958.

Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Millettieae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 367-387.

Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Phaseoleae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 393-431.

Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Abreae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 389-391.

Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Tribe Indigofereae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 361-365.

Schrire*, B.D., Lavin, M. & Lewis*, G.P. (2005). Global distribution patterns of the Leguminosae: insights from recent phylogenies. Biologiske Skrifter 55: 375-422.

Schrire*, B.D., Lavin, M., Barker, N.P., Cortes-Burns, H., von Senger, I. & Kim, J.-H. (2003). Towards a phylogeny of Indigofera (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): identification of major clades and relative ages. In Klitgaard, B.B. & Bruneau, A. (eds) Advances in legume systematics: part 10. Higher level systematics. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 269-302.

Schrire*, B.D., Lewis*, G.P. & Lavin, M. (2005). Biogeography of the Leguminosae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 21-54.

Sharma, H.C., Green*, P.W.C., Stevenson*, P.C. & Simmonds*, M.S.J. (2001). What makes it so tasty for the pest? Identification of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) feeding stimulants and location of their production on the pod surface of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. [Report to Department for International Development (DFID), UK] India: ICRISAT; Chatham, Kent: NRI; Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 85 pp.

Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Stevenson*, P.C. (2001). Effects of isoflavonoids from Cicer on larvae of Heliocoverpa armigera. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27: 965-977.

Simpson, B.B. & Lewis*, G.P. (2003). New combinations in Pomeria. Kew Bulletin 58 (1): 175-184.

Sokoloff, D.D. & Lock*, J.M. (2005). Tribe Loteae. In Lewis*, G., Schrire*, B., Mackinder*, B. & Lock*, M. (eds) Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 455-465.

Sousa, S., Medina L, R., Andrade M, G. & Rico Arce*, M.L. (2004). Leguminosas. In Gracia Mendoza, A.J., Ordoñez, M.J. & Briones Salas, M. (eds) Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Mexico: Instituto de Biologia, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza/ World Wildlife Fund. 249-269.

Stevenson*, P.C., Green*, P.W.C., Simmonds*, M.S.J. & Sharma, H.C. (2005). Physical and chemical mechanisms of plant resistance to Helicoverpa armigera: recent research on chickpea and pigeonpea. In Sharma, H.C. (ed.) Heliothis/Helicoverpa management: emerging trends and strategies for future research. New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publishers. 209-222.

Van der Bank, M., Chase*, M.W., Van Wyk, B.-E., Fay*, M.F., Van der Bank, F.H., Reeves*, G. & Hulme, A. (2002). Systematics of the tribe Podalyrieae (Fabaceae) based on DNA, morphological and chemical data. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (2): 159-170.

Veitch*, N.C., Bristow*, J.M., Kite*, G.C. & Lewis*, G.P. (2005). Mildbraedin, a novel kaempferol tetraglycoside from the tropical forest legume Mildbraediodendron excelsum. Tetrahedron Letters 46 (49): 8595-8598.

Veitch*, N.C., Sutton*, P.S.E., Kite*, G.C. & Ireland*, H.E. (2003). Six new isoflavones and a 5-deoxyflavonol glycoside from the leaves of Ateleia herbert-smithii. Journal of Natural Products 66 (2): 210-216.

Veitch*, N.C., Tibbles*, L.L., Kite*, G.C. & Ireland*, H.E. (2005). Flavonol tetraglycosides from Ateleia chicoasensis (Leguminosae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 33: 1274-1279.

Verdcourt*, B. (2001). A new species of Vigna (Leguminosae-Phaseoleae) from Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 56 (1): 229-232.

Verdcourt*, B. (2003). 84. Antopetitia A. Rich. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 10-11.

Warwick, M.C. & Lewis*, G.P. (2003). Revision of Plathymenia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (2): 111-119.

Wilson, P.G. & Schrire*, B.D. (2003). Correcting confusion in Indigofera confusa (Fabaceae). Taxon 52 (3): 589-590.

Zappi*, D.C., Nic Lughadha*, E., Nunes, T.S., Miranda, E., Machado, M., Hind*, D.J.N., Lewis*, G.P., Mayo*, S.J., Barbosa, M.R.V., Juchum, F. & Cesar, E. (2003). Repatriamento dos dados do Herbário de Kew para a Nordeste do Brasil. In Jardim, M.A., Bastos, M.N.C. & Samtps, J.U.M. (eds) Desafios da botânica brasileira no novo milênio: inventário, sistematização e conservação da diversidade vegetal. 54 Congresso Nacional, Belem, Para. [Recife]: Sociedade Botanica do Brasil. 55-57.

Annex material