Drylands: Tropical America

Makuxi Indian with Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae): a medicinal plant of the Brazilian savannas

Introduction

The biodiversity of the Neotropics (Tropical America) is of immense significance in global terms. The estimated 80-90,000 species of flowering plants in this region, for example, represent some 30% of the world’s known genera and species. These occur in a very diverse range of habitats, from deserts and savannas to tropical forests.  Kew’s work in the Neotropics has for the last five years been primarily focused on dry and semi-arid ecosystems.  These comparatively under-researched biomes are in many cases exposed to severe degradation or conversion to agricultural land, and are currently the subject of high conservation concern.

Kew’s primary objectives in Tropical America Drylands are: 1) to increase access to our collections and data for Tropical American and international researchers; 2) to develop knowledge of taxonomy, phylogeny and conservation status of specific plant families in the region; 3) to make significant contributions to in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable use of threatened biomes and species through applied, targeted research and constructive engagement with landowners and other stakeholders; and 4) to disseminate information generated by these activities to a range of audiences in accessible formats. Our work is achieved through a multi-disciplinary, collaborative approach, drawing on the combined expertise and experience of a cross-departmental team (including the Herbarium, Jodrell Laboratory, Seed Conservation and Horticulture & Public Education Departments) and our in-country partners, building on the strengths of our collections and curatorial resources.

Background

Kew’s current research programme in Tropical America evolved out of several decades of collaboration with botanists in the NE of Brazil, beginning in 1974 and involving, in particular, partnerships with the Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC) and the Universidade de São Paulo (USP).  In 1992 the work was consolidated under a major collaborative programme, Plantas do Nordeste (PNE), which was implemented in partnership with a consortium of research and teaching institutes in NE Brazil. The PNE Association (APNE) was created in Recife in 1994 to co-ordinate this programme, and since 1995 the Brazilian Government has contributed with major grants for training purposes through its National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). This was followed in 1998-9 by grants from the UK Government (Department for International Development) for PNE’s Information, Dissemination and Training Sub-programme and another PNE project on field guide design methodology.

Responding to in-country requirements and priorities, Kew’s work in Brazil has become increasingly focused on local capacity building and the development of projects promoting conservation and sustainable use of plant resources. This has manifested itself through the establishment of grant schemes for research and training for Brazilian botanists, data repatriation and information dissemination (including publications on sustainable use and conservation), species conservation evaluations and collaborative, targeted research, primarily in collaboration with PNE and its member institutes. Building on the successes of and lessons from these ongoing projects, Kew is working to develop its role within the wider context of Tropical America, maintaining a focus principally on dry and semi-arid environments and on applied, conservation-focused research. The current target of this expansion is Bolivia: a country with extremely high (yet comparatively poorly known) biodiversity and limited capacity for botanical research.

Strengthening an already applied focus

Over the past ten years Kew’s work in Tropical America, particularly in NE Brazil, has maintained a strong emphasis on the development of information resources supporting conservation and sustainable plant use. This has been accompanied by the establishment of mechanisms for taking research results into the community and aligning them to the needs of local organisations working to conserve biodiversity, foster sustainable development and alleviate poverty. These objectives are reflected in PNE’s slogan ‘local plants for local people’.

In situ conservation, which is inevitably and inextricably linked with sustainable use, has been identified as the primary target for Kew’s work in Tropical America.  Development of an increasingly applied research programme, with concrete conservation objectives, requires a re-evaluation of our overall approach.  Kew’s research in Tropical America has always been strongly collaborative, working primarily with herbaria, universities and other botanical research institutes in NE Brazil.  Strong collaboration is particularly important in the context of applied research, not only with organisations working in the same field but also with those offering complementary skills and experience.

Our objective is to develop and target our core strengths and expertise in such a way that their impact on biodiversity conservation is maximised.  To this end we are developing increasingly strong working partnerships with local and international organisations and landowners requiring specific botanical support for the establishment of management plans and conservation measures in important areas for plant biodiversity.

Another consequence of this development is the increasing need to consider plants as vegetation communities rather than species, which in turn necessitates the strengthening and development of skills such as vegetation mapping, phytosociology and quantitative analysis within both Kew and its partner organisations. This has been identified as an institutional requirement for successful achievement of our 2d Key Measure (Total habitat conservation assessments supported through contributions of information or advice per calendar year), and is currently being addressed by the development of an internal training programme and the allocation of staff to appropriate external courses.

In parallel with these developments, and in line with our institutional 2c Key Measure (Total species use, species conservation assessments and species conservation plans supported per calendar year), we are working to strengthen our role in the evaluation of species conservation status through input into the IUCN red-listing mechanism. This process is important for the identification of conservation priorities in the region, and is becoming an increasingly significant element of our taxonomic research projects in Latin America.

Broadening the geographic scope

Kew’s long-term commitment of resources to the drylands of NE Brazil, and the concomitant development of well established partnerships with local research organisations, have enabled the achievement of a series of objectives that would not have been feasible had the input been more transient or less collaborative. These achievements have included development of strong capacity for botanical research within our Brazilian partner organisations, a comprehensive knowledge of the flora of the region, strategically targeted information resources and research networks, and a wide range of dissemination outputs designed to promote the sustainable use and conservation of plant resources. 

We have now reached a point where many of our long-term goals in the region have been achieved, and responsibility for ongoing research and development initiatives has been successfully transferred to local partners. Although our Neotropical research programme remains focused primarily on Brazil, and includes ongoing projects and collaboration in the NE, we are now working to strengthen our existing programme in Bolivia.

Bolivia is one of the most important countries for biodiversity conservation in Latin America, not only because the ecosystems in many areas are still pristine but also because it contains about 18,000 species of plants and 1,274 species of birds (very high for a landlocked country). It has a high index of endemism (approximately 33% of the 1,500 orchid species so far recorded are endemic to the country), and many of the forest and natural grassland habitats that have been greatly reduced in neighbouring countries (notably Brazil and Argentina) are still relatively extensive there. The principal threat to most of Bolivia's rare species is loss or degradation of the natural habitats upon which they depend. By far the most serious and widespread cause of habitat loss is deforestation, particularly in the eastern slopes of the Andes, the eastern (Santa Cruz) lowlands, and the Amazonian lowlands.

Kew’s previous experience in Bolivia includes collaborative work on the development of monographs for Gramineae and Leguminosae. For the past three years Kew has also been involved in a long-term research programme supported by the Darwin Initiative, working to identify areas of high endemism and botanical diversity in the Central Andean Valleys. In the process of this research, our Bolivian herbarium collections have been greatly strengthened by the addition of several thousand specimens, as has our network of contacts and collaborators. We are thus in a strong position to develop an applied, conservation-focused research programme that matches our institutional goals and capacity.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)

KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)

Collections (2001-2005)

Kew’s collections of herbarium specimens from Tropical America are of global significance and, thanks to in-house expertise and relatively frequent visits from international taxonomic specialists, largely well named. Thus, whilst the collections continue to grow (primarily through gifts and exchanges from overseas herbaria), our current focus remains on making existing collections and associated data available to researchers throughout the world. This is partly achieved through regular loans of specimens or (where there are concerns for their safety) specimen images, but also through data sharing initiatives.

Between 2001 and 2005 we completed the first phase of the Repatriation of Herbarium Data from Northeast Brazil, with 50% of the region’s plant families (chosen to reflect conservation/economic significance or Kew’s areas of taxonomic expertise) checked, databased and imaged (type specimens). More than 28,000 specimens were databased, and 1,649 images of type material were repatriated to each of four Brazilian herbaria. These data have been made available to our Brazilian partners through PNE, and are searchable on the internet. In the course of this work, five young Brazilian botanists were each given 12 months of valuable training and experience, whilst contributing to the curation of the collections they were working on. We are currently evaluating the demand for additional data and the most effective mechanisms for delivering it through a survey of user groups.

We have also made historic herbarium material available over the internet, together with economic botany artefacts and field notebooks, through the Richard Spruce project. Undertaken in collaboration with the Natural History Museum, this project has now completed the cataloguing, databasing and imaging of all Spruce’s collections from Peru and Ecuador.

Access to our collections by Latin American researchers has been greatly increased by the Kew Latin American Research Fellowships (KLARF) and Margaret Mee Fellowships programmes. Eighty-two research fellowships, of between one and 12 months, were awarded by these programmes between 2001 and 2005 (43 KLARF, 39 Margaret Mee), with an additional five Brazilian Artist Scholarships. Most visiting researchers have consulted Kew’s collections as well as those of the Natural History Museum and other European herbaria. The scientific results of these visits, often produced in collaboration with Kew staff, are contributing to a body of valuable research publications. These programmes are also creating important opportunities for young Latin American researchers to broaden their skills and experience.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2001-2005)

Baseline plant diversity research remains a fundamental component of our work in Tropical America. Kew’s taxonomic specialists, in many cases working in collaboration with Tropical American botanists, have produced over 140 publications in this field over the last five years, including a number of major revisions and floristic treatments. For the Cactaceae, for example, two significant new publications have been produced during this period: Cacti of Eastern Brazil and the New Cactus Lexicon. Both are the final products of long-running field and herbarium research projects, and represent major contributions to global knowledge of an important Neotropical plant family. 

In NE Brazil, working with our Brazilian partners in PNE, we have now completed the checklist of the plants of the region through the Plant Information for Northeast Brazil project. This again has been a major, long-running enterprise, involving taxonomic input from a number of Kew specialists and the coordination of a great many others around the world. The checklist, which includes 9,435 taxa (8,723 species of 2,093 genera and 185 families), is now available online through Centro de Informação sobre Plantas (CNIP), the plant information centre established through PNE’s Information, Dissemination and Training (IDT) sub-programme (see Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources). The checklist will be available as a hard copy publication in 2006.

Analyses of data from Kew’s herbarium collections from NE Brazil, catalogued by the Repatriation of Herbarium Data for Northeastern Brazil project, are already being published as checklists on a family-by-family basis. This provides an important source of information for species conservation and the identification of centres of biodiversity for the region. The first of these checklists, Preliminary List of Rubiaceae in Northeastern Brazil, was published in 2002. This was followed by the Leguminosae checklist published in 2006. Other family checklists (e.g. Compositae and Eriocaulaceae) are nearing completion.

Outside Brazil, significant floristic outputs have included a new edition of the Tropical Tree Flora of Mexico (Arboles Tropicales de Mexico) and the Illustrated Guide to the Trees of Peru. The latter, produced in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (Peru), was one of the principal outputs from the Tree Flora of Peru project (supported by the Darwin Initiative).

Other major taxonomic contributions produced during the past five years have largely been the product of Kew’s ongoing family-focused projects (Compositae of Brazil, Rubiaceae of Brazil, Diversity of Neotropical Meliaceae, Diversity of Neotropical Sapotaceae) and the research of individual specialists. These have included a number of taxonomic accounts and revisions, at various levels of coverage ranging from regional (Guianas, Venezuelan Guayana), through  to national (e.g. Nicaragua), to state (São Paulo) and local area (Grão-Mogol).

Our long-standing collaborative links with Tropical American universities, particularly in Brazil, combined with the financial support and associated technical guidance provided through the KLARF and Margaret Mee Fellowship programmes, have resulted in a very significant contribution to the training of young botanists. 

Comparative Plant Biology (2001-2005)

Kew scientists have been working in collaboration with a number of Latin American researchers on the development of comparative plant biology research.  Following a pioneering species inventory of the Brejo forests of Pernambuco (through a partnership between PNE and the Darwin Initiative), Simon Mayo and Ivanilza Andrade initiated the first ever comparative genetic and morphometric study of selected groups in the Brejo forests of Ceará in 2002. The project was formally set up as Andrade’s PhD thesis project at State University of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil (UEFS). 

In Araceae, Eduardo Gonçalves completed his PhD (Systematics of the tribe Spathicarpeae; University of São Paulo, Brazil) in 2002, co-supervised by Simon Mayo. This included a molecular analysis and an exceptionally thorough field exploration and morphological study of these often very rare endemic South American taxa. A Margaret Mee Fellowship awarded in 2002 enabled him to visit European herbaria and make key personal contacts with other specialists, which have led to much new collaborative work.

In Myrtaceae, detailed collaborative work within subtribe Myrciinae has been carried out in collaboration with the University of Campinas (Brazil), resulting in the sequencing of c. 20 additional species for three of four gene regions under study. A collaborative programme with the University of São Paulo (Brazil), aiming to resolve generic/infrageneric relationships in subtribe Eugeniinae, was commenced in 2003. This study has sequenced a further c. 60 Eugenia and Eugeniinae species for the same three gene regions as above. 

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)

Kew is making a direct contribution to sustainable utilisation of critical plant resources through its Sustainable Management of Fuelwood Trees in the Caatinga of Northeast Brazil project, developed in collaboration with Associação Plantas do Nordeste (APNE). The project aims to facilitate better management of native caatinga (dry forest) trees used by local people for fuel. Specifically, it is working to determine which of a series of harvesting techniques (cropping, pollarding and crown thinning) is most appropriate for each species, providing optimum, sustainable returns of wood suitable for fuel and charcoal production. Two experimental sites were established in 2001, and a total of 5,280 trees of four species (Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Croton sonderianus, Mimosa tenuiflora and M. ophthalmocentra) were surveyed and subsequently subjected to the different treatments during the wet and dry seasons of 2002. Wood samples from each species, taken during harvesting/monitoring, have been subjected to anatomical studies at the Jodrell Laboratory by a visiting Brazilian PhD student, and the sites have been re-measured and sampled annually. Results obtained to date have provided initial indications of appropriate management regimes for each species, but further research is needed before final conclusions can be reached. The project has been extended until 2008 (see Future work).

Kew’s Plant Information for Northeast Brazil project has been working to promote sustainable utilisation of plant resources through the development of PNE’s IDT sub-programme (1999-2004). The project’s main purpose was to support the sustainable use and conservation of the native plants by creating an information infrastructure capable of bringing together existing scientific knowledge of biodiversity and delivering demand-led information services to individuals, communities, development organisations and scientists.

Project outputs included infrastructure development of the Information Centre for Plants of the Northeast (CNIP), technical capacity building and training, establishment of a network of scientists and information providers in the region, and strengthening links between scientists, knowledge providers and representatives of user groups. Information developed by the project (which was funded by the Department for International Development) is available via a suite of online databases. These include a digital image library of plants and their uses, an internet service presenting complete plant profiles for species of greatest relevance to communities with whom the project worked, and a popular plant monograph series designed and produced for distribution and use within rural communities (medicinal plants, forage plants, important plants and native fruits).

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)

Over the past five years, Kew’s taxonomic and floristic research in Tropical America has incorporated increasing numbers of species-focused conservation evaluations. The Cacti of Eastern Brazil project, for example, produced and published IUCN Red List conservation assessments for all 162 native species and subspecies, as well as recommendations for conservation action, protected areas and priorities for further study. 

Kew staff have also been involved in the coordination of the Brazilian Red Data List (http:\\www.biodiversitas.org.br\index.asp), involving over 100 botanists from Brazil and elsewhere, and resulting in around 2,000 plant species listed using the IUCN criteria. This initiative will provide the Brazilian government with useful guidance regarding their national endangered flora and it is expected that, once included in such a list, the species will be prioritized for studies of distribution, biology and ecology, furthering their prospects for conservation.

Kew has also undertaken conservation assessments in areas affected by current or proposed industrial development, and in proposed protected areas. In 2004 a team of botanists from the Herbarium, working in collaboration with scientists and students from the University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA) and the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, coordinated the first detailed vegetation survey and mapping of the Morraria de Santa Cruz in SW Brazil. This mountain, rising from the edge of the internationally important Pantanal wetlands, is the site of a large and expanding iron ore mine owned by Mineração Corumbaense Reunida (MCR), a subsidiary of Rio Tinto, and supports a complex mixture of habitats including cliff vegetation, grassland, tree savanna (cerrado) and semi-deciduous forest.

The purpose of the survey was to provide important baseline information on the vegetation of the mountain, identify conservation priorities and provide recommendations to help minimise the impact of mine development and improve local capacity for restoration of damaged habitats. We have continued to work with conservation partners and the mine owners towards the implementation of these recommendations.

FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

Collections (2006 onwards)

Our plans for the next five years maintain a strong focus on improving access to our collections. We are currently developing a new programme for databasing and imaging all our Latin American type specimens, the Latin American Plants Initiative (LAPI). This will be a major undertaking, necessitating the development of revised systems for data and image management. The outputs will be made available, as interactive databases with images, via the internet. 

In parallel with this, we will continue to facilitate physical access to the collections through further development of Kew Latin America Research Fellowships (KLARF). Priorities for this programme include strengthening its contribution to our baseline plant diversity research through improved alignment of fellowships with Kew’s areas of research, and broadening the geographical range of its impact. The most significant funding resource for this programme (donated by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation) was fully committed in March 2006, and we are currently seeking additional funds for its replacement. The Margaret Mee Fellowship Programme, which until recently funded short-term research fellowships for Brazilian scientists, will from henceforth be restricted to supporting scholarships for botanical artists. 

We will continue to improve our holdings of Tropical American herbarium material through joint specimen collection of target families (notably Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Compositae, Cactaceae, Leguminosae, and Araceae), general collecting undertaken in the context of our conservation-focused programmes, and exchange with overseas herbaria.

Kew's family specialists will carry out authoritative naming of specimens from the target area, and research institutions will continue to receive expert advice from Kew botanists (supported by Conventions and Policy Section, CAPS) on the preparation and use of Material Transfer Agreements, Collections Policy and other pertinent CBD-related matters. The programme will provide high quality support for visitors, focusing on researchers and postgraduate students, furthering capacity building and the enhancement of the quality of our own collections.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2006 onwards)

Baseline plant diversity research will maintain a strategic focus on the families for which Kew has strong specialist taxonomic expertise. Building on the achievements of the Repatriation of Herbarium Data for Northeastern Brazil project, we will produce preliminary checklists for the Myrtaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and Orchidaceae of Northeast Brazil, and a checklist of the Compositae of Bahia. We will continue research on the Rubiaceae and Myrtaceae for the Flora of Bahia.

The Diversity of Neotropical Meliaceae and Diversity of Neotropical Sapotaceae projects will continue to advance baseline knowledge of these families through a revised account of the Sapotaceae for Flora Neotropica, Flora of Ecuador and the Flora of the Guianas, and completed revisions of the genera Trichilia and Ruagea (Meliaceae). The Rubiaceae of Brazil project will continue work on selected genera, including revisions of Faramea, Mitracarpus and Rudgea. Other taxonomic work will include taxonomic publications on the genus Doryopteris (Pteridophyta), and new species descriptions of Microlicia (Melastomataceae).

Building on Kew’s successful production of an Interactive Key to the Malesian Seed Plants, and drawing on the lessons learned by that project, we will complete the development and dissemination of an Interactive Key to Neotropical Flowering Plant Families. The key, produced with LUCID 3 software, will be made available online at no charge via Kew's website and on CD-ROM. Plant families included in the key (natives and non-natives) will be linked to a series of dedicated, web-based information resources including descriptions and synopses, images, glossaries etc. This is a collaborative project involving a range of international taxonomic specialists.

Comparative Plant Biology (2006 onwards)

We shall continue to work on developing understanding within key taxonomic groups in Tropical America, including Rubiaceae, Araceae, Cyperaceae, Myrteae, Sapotaceae and Meliaceae (Cedrela). Within Rubiaceae, the systematics of the genera Faramea and Mitracarpus are subject to continuing PhD studies at the University of Feira de Santana, Bahia. Through these collaborative projects we aim to establish their position within the family and improve subgeneric delimitation by association between molecular systematics and morphology.

Ongoing studies of Neotropical Myrtaceae will also be further developed. A robust phylogeny of Myrciinae will be generated in collaboration with Kazue Matsumoto (University of Campinas), based on morphological and molecular characters.  Character evolution in the subtribe will be examined and a new infrageneric classification of the Myrciinae will be produced. A generic revision of the subtribe Myrciinae will be based on the above data, and a phylogenetic study of Eugenia and subtribe Eugeniinae based on three genes will be published with Fiorella Mazine (University of São Paulo).

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2006 onwards)

The Sustainable Management of Fuelwood Trees in the Caatinga of Northeast Brazil project has been extended until 2008, in order to maximise the practical relevance and impact of its outputs. This will allow longer-term monitoring of the re-growth of the experimental plots, and development of stronger recommendations for management of the most important firewood trees in the caatinga. Following the final harvest in 2008, the results will be presented in a range of formats including community workshops, local-language information resources and scientific publications, and be submitted in part fulfilment of a PhD by Brazilian Lazaro Benedito da Silva.

Kew’s emerging initiatives for sustainable plant utilisation in Tropical America are strategically aligned to the development of in situ and ex situ conservation projects. In Peru, for example, the Habitat Restoration and Sustainable Use of Southern Peruvian Dry Forest project will work with local communities to develop sustainable use of non-timber forest products from remaining fragments of Huarango (Prosopis) dry forests, in parallel with the establishment of protected areas and the development of reforestation projects on the margins of these forest areas.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)

Development of Kew’s applied role in conservation and environmental monitoring in Tropical America will form a major part of our work over the coming five years. In Brazil, working with our local and international partners, the Vegetation Management for Conservation, Brazil project will continue to provide facilitation, capacity building and technical support for conservation management. In Mato Grosso do Sul we will continue to work through our partnership programme with Rio Tinto to develop and implement vegetation management and conservation strategies designed to offset the impact of mine development on the Morraria de Santa Cruz and surrounding area (see Achievements). The second focus of this project is the Cristalino State Park in northern Mato Grosso, and the adjacent private nature reserve Reserva Privada de Patrimônio Nacional (RPPN) recently established by the Cristalino Ecological Foundation. We will work with the Foundation and other local partners to develop management plans for both reserves, building local capacity for conservation management, botanical research and environmental education. Activities will include collaborative vegetation survey and inventory, conservation evaluation, training and the development of education resources.

We plan to broaden the geographical impact of this project between 2006 and 2011 through the development of additional partnerships with private landowners, focusing primarily on dry and semi-arid ecosystems.  One potential target area (of cerrado and campo rupestre vegetation) has been identified in the state of Minas Gerais, on the edge of the Serra de Espinhaço.

In Bolivia, the Plant Diversity and Conservation in Bolivia project will build on the achievements of a Darwin Initiative funded project that has been working to identify areas of high plant diversity and endemism, to develop a series of conservation-focused, collaborative initiatives in areas of botanical importance. Kew’s inputs will include baseline botanical surveys and conservation evaluation, development of information resources, training and institutional capacity building.

Another new conservation project, Habitat Restoration and Sustainable Use of Southern Peruvian Dry Forest, was launched in late 2005. This is focused on threatened dry forest and xerophytic ecosystems on the edge of the Atacama desert that provide essential environmental and economic resources in a region supporting over 680,000 people. In collaboration with governmental and non-governmental partners and local communities, the project will work to establish conservation areas and develop and demonstrate techniques for habitat restoration and regeneration using local species, and for sustainable production of economically viable products from Prosopis (huarango) pods. Dissemination and promotion of the uptake of research outcomes (including workshops and local-language manuals) will be achieved through involvement of local stakeholders at all stages, and integration with national development and conservation strategies and networks. Three-year support for this project (2006-2009) has been secured from the UK Darwin Initiative.

In order to maximise the conservation impact of our work, Kew’s taxonomic and floristic research programmes in Tropical America will work over the next five years to standardise the incorporation of species conservation evaluations into the research activities and outputs. This is already happening, but increased alignment of data collection and analysis methods with the data standards and requirements of the Geographic Information System (GIS) unit will help to achieve this objective. For example, all new descriptions of Tropical American Microlicia (Melastomataceae) species produced at Kew will include IUCN conservation assessments.

Projects

Biogeography and Conservation of Myrciinae (Myrtaceae)

Cacti of Eastern Brazil

Compositae of Brazil

Diversity of Neotropical Meliaceae

Diversity of Neotropical Sapotaceae

Ex situ Conservation of Plant Germplasm from Arid and Semi-Arid Zones of Mexico

Habitat Restoration and Sustainable Use of Southern Peruvian Dry Forest

Interactive Key to Neotropical Flowering Plant Families

Kew Latin America Research Fellowships

Margaret Mee Fellowship Programme

Myrciinae (Myrtaceae) Genera for Flora Neotropica and Flora of the Guianas

New Cactus Lexicon

Phylogeny of Eugenia and Eugeniinae (Myrtaceae)

Phylogeny of Subtribe Myrciinae (Myrtaceae)

Phylogeny of Tribe Myrteae (Myrtaceae)

Plant Diversity and Conservation in Bolivia

Plant Information for Northeast Brazil

Promoting Sustainable Plant Use in Northeast Brazil

Repatriation of Herbarium Data for Northeastern Brazil

Richard Spruce Collection

Rubiaceae of Brazil

South American Myrteae (Myrtaceae) Online

Sustainable Management of Fuelwood Trees in the Caatinga of Northeast Brazil

Taxonomic Studies of Neotropical Plant Families

Tree Flora of Peru

Vegetation Management for Conservation in Brazil

People

Directorate

Eimear Nic Lughadha

Friends and Foundation

Sharon Laws

Herbarium

Sandy Atkins, Amelia Baracat, Nicky Biggs, Sara Edwards, Sue Frisby, David Goyder, Ray Harley, Nicholas Hind, David Hunt, Gwilym Lewis, Eve Lucas, Simon Mayo, William Milliken, Terry Pennington, Ghillean Prance, Lourdes Rico, Cynthia Sothers, Oliver Whaley, John Wood, Elizabeth Woodgyer, Jovita Yesilyurt, Daniela Zappi

HPE

Nigel Taylor

ISD

Bob Allkin

Jodrell Laboratory

David Cutler, Mike Fay, Peter Gasson

Seed Conservation Department

Tiziana Ulian, Michael Way

Partners

Bolivia

Green Cross Bolivia

Herbario del Museo Noel Kempff Mercado (USZ), Santa Cruz

Herbario Martín Cárdenas (BOLV), Cochabamba

Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB), La Paz

Herbario, Universidad San Francisco Xavier (HSB), Sucre

Brazil

Associacao Plantas do Nordeste

Centro de  Pesquisas do Cacau – CEPEC, Bahia

Fundacão Botânica Margaret Mee (FBMM), Rio de Janeiro

Fundação Ecológico Cristalino

Instituto Agronômico de Campinas

IPA (Institute for Agronomic Research, Pernambuco)

Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro

Mineração Corumbaense Reunida

Rio Tinto PLC

Universidade de São Paulo

Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia

Universidade Estadual de Maringá

Universidade Federal da Paraíba

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Peru

CONAM (Consejo Nacional de Medio Ambiente)

GAP (Grupo Aves del Peru)

INRENA (Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales)

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina

Universidad San Luis Gonzaga de Ica (USGI)

UK

Fauna and Flora International

Oxford University

Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

The Natural History Museum

Publications

Arns, K.Y., Mayo*, S.J. & Alves, M.V. (2002). Morfologia de Marantaceae ocorrente no estado de Pernambuco - Brasil. Iheringia sér. Botânica 57: 3-20.

Atkins*, S. (2003). Stachytarpheta Vahl. In Programa ProFlora (ed.) Flora fanerogamica Argentina. Fasciculo 84. 253. Verbenaceae, parte 1. Subfamilia I. Verbenoideae, parte 1. Tribu II. Lantaneae, parte A. Cordoba, Argentina: ProFlora Conicet. 42-43.

Atkins*, S. (2003). Bouchea Cham. In Programa ProFlora (ed.) Flora fanerogamica Argentina. Fasciculo 84. 253. Verbenaceae, parte 1. Subfamilia I. Verbenoideae, parte 1. Tribu II. Lantaneae, parte A. Cordoba, Argentina: ProFlora Conicet. 17-19.

Atkins*, S. (2004). Verbenaceae. In Smith, N., Mori, S.A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D.W. & Heald, S.V. (eds) Flowering plants of the neotropics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 387-390.

Atkins*, S. (2005). The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60 (2): 161-272.

Barbosa, M.R.V. & Zappi*, D.C. (2002). Distribuição das espécies de Rosaceae na caatinga. In Sampaio, E.V.S.B., Giulietti, A.M., Virginio, J. & Gamarra-Rojas, C.F.L. (eds) Vegetação e flora da caatinga. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste and Centro Nordestino de Informação sobre Plantas. 155-157.

Beaman*, J.H. (2001). Cerastium L., In Rzedowski, G.C., de, Rzedowski, J. & et al (eds) Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México. 2a. ed. Pátzcuaro (Michoacán): Instituto de Ecología, A. C. y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidade. 153-155.

Beaman*, J.H. (2001). Arenaria L. In Rzedowski, G.C., de, Rzedowski, J. & et al (eds) Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México. 2a. ed. Pátzcuaro (Michoacán): Instituto de Ecología, A. C. y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidade. 150-152.

Beaman*, J.H. (2001). Hieracium L. In Rzedowski, G.C., de, Rzedowski, J. & et al (eds) Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México. 2a. ed. Pátzcuaro (Michoacán): Instituto de Ecología, A. C. y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidade. 966-970.

Beaman*, J.H. (2001). Caryophyllaceae. In Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (eds) Flora de Nicaragua. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (1). Vol. 1: 589-592.

Bello, M.A., Chase*, M.W., Olmstead, R.G., Rønsted, N. & Albach, D. (2002). The páramo endemic Aragoa is the sister genus of Plantago (Plantaginaceae; Lamiales): evidence from plastid rbcL and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data. Kew Bulletin 57: 585-597.

Biggs*, N. (2004). Plant portraits: 502. Sinningia pusilla Gesneriaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 21 (3): 193-196.

Bramley*, G.L.C. (2005). Revision of Cyrtandra section Dissimiles (Gesneriaceae). Blumea 50: 163-189.

Bridgewater, S., Pennington, R.T., Reynel, C., Daza, A. & Pennington*, T.D. (2003). A preliminary floristic and phytogeographic analysis of the woody flora of seasonally dry forests in northern Peru. Candollea 58: 129-148.

Britez, R.M., Watanabe, T., Jansen*, S., Reissmann, C.B. & Osaki, M. (2002). The relationship between aluminium and silicon accumulation in leaves of Faramea marginata (Rubiaceae). New Phytologist 156: 437-444.

Charles, G. & Woodgyer*, E. (2003). A new species of Espostoa from Peru. British Cactus & Succulent Journal 21 (2): 69-74.

Chase*, M.W. (2005). Hybochilus. In Pupulin, F. (ed.) Vanishing beauty: native Costa Rican orchids. Vol. 1. Acianthera-Kegeliella. San José, C.R.: Editorial of the Universidad de Costa Rica. 376.

Chase*, M.W. (2005). Goniochilus. In Pupulin, F. (ed.) Vanishing beauty: native Costa Rican orchids. Vol. 1. Acianthera-Kegeliella. San José, C.R.: Editorial of the Universidad de Costa Rica. 342.

Clubbe*, C. & Jhilmit, S. (2002). Integrating forestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical forests in Trinidad. In Maunder, M., Clubbe, C., Hankamer, C. & Groves, M. (eds) Plant conservation in the tropics: perspectives and practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 185-206.

Conceição, A.d.S., Queiroz, L.P., de & Lewis*, G.P. (2001). Novas especies de Chamaecrista Moench (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Sitientibus, Cienc. Biol. 1 (2): 110-115.

Croat, T.B., Mayo*, S.J. & Boos, J. (2002 [2003]). A new species of Brazilian Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae). Aroideana 25: 63-66.

Daws*, M.I., Garwood, N.C. & Pritchard*, H.W. (2005). Traits of recalcitrant seeds in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panama: some ecological implications. Functional Ecology 19 (5): 874-885.

Daws*, M.I., Pearson, T.R.H., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Mullins, C.E. & Dalling, J.W. (2005). Effects of topographic position, leaf litter and seed size on seedling demography in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panama. Plant Ecology 179 (1): 93-105.

de Kok*, R.P.J. (2004). Lamiaceae. In Smith, N., Mori, S.A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D.W. & Heald, S.V. (eds) Flowering plants of the neotropics. Princeton, N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press in association with the New York Botanical Garden. 201-203.

de Oliveira, L.F.C., Edwards, H.G.M., Velozo, E.S. & Nesbitt*, M. (2002). Vibrational spectroscopic study of brazilin and brazilein, the main constituents of brazilwood from Brazil. Vibrational Spectroscopy 28: 243-249.

Edwards, H.G.M., de Oliveira, L.F.C. & Nesbitt*, M. (2003). Fourier-transform Raman characterization of brazilwood trees and substitutes. Analyst 128 (1): 82-87.

Figuero, J.A., León-Lobos, P., Cavieres, L.A., Pritchard*, H.W. & Way*, M.J. (2004). Ecofisiologia de semillas en ambientes contrastantes de Chile: un gradiente desde ecosistemas deserticos a templados-humedos. In Cabrera, H.M. (ed.) Fisiologia ecologia en plantas: mecanismos y respuestas a estres en los ecosistemas. 81-98.

Fontella-Pereira, J., Goyder*, D.J. & Marquete F da Silva, N. (2005). Infraspecific variation in Oxypetalum cordifolium (Vent.) Schltr. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bulletin 60 (1): 103-109.

Funch, L.G., Harley*, R.M., Giulietti, A.M. & Funch, R. (2004). Plantas uteis da Chapada Diamantina. São Carlos: Rima Editora. 187 pp.

Gale, S.W. & Pennington*, T.D. (2004). Lysiloma (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Mesoamerica. Kew Bulletin 59 (3): 453-467.

Giulietti, A.M., Harley*, R.M., de Queiroz, L.P., Barbosa, M.R.V. & Figueiredo, M.A. (2002). Espécies endêmicas da caatinga. In Sampaio, E.V.S.B., Giulietti, A.M., Virginio, J. & Gamarra-Rojas, C.F.L. (eds) Vegetação e flora da caatinga. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste and Centro Nordestino de Informação sobre Plantas. 103-115.

Giulietti, A.M., Harley*, R.M., De Queiroz, L.P., Wanderley, M.D.L. & Van den Berg, C. (2005). Biodiversity and conservation of plants in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19 (3): 632-639.

Giulietti, A.M., Harley*, R.M., Queiroz, L.P., de, Wanderley, M.d.G.L. & van den Berg, C. (2005). Biodiversidade e conservacao das plants no Brasil. Megadiversidade 1 (1): 52-61.

Gold*, K. & Way*, M.J. (2004). Conservation of biological and cultural diversity in the Andes and the Amazon Basin - biodiversity conservation and management. Vol. 1. Seed conservation of the Latinamerican flora - An international opportunity. Lyonia 6 (1): www.lyonia.org/viewArticle.php?articleID=212

Gold*, K., León-Lobos, P. & Way*, M.J. (2004). Manual de recolección de semillas de plantas sylvestres: para conservación a largo plazo y restauración ecológia. La Serena, Chile: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Centro. 62 pp.

Goyder*, D.J. (2001). The identity of Hickenia Lillo (Apocynaceae: subfam. Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bulletin 56 (1): 162.

Goyder*, D.J. (2003). A synopsis of Morrenia Lindl. (Apocynaceae subfam. Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bulletin 58 (3): 713-721.

Goyder*, D.J. (2004). The identities of Corollonema Schltr., Dactylostelma Schltr. and Metoxypetalum Morillo (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 301-303.

Goyder*, D.J. (2004). An amplified concept of Philbertia Kunth (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae), with a synopsis of the genus. Kew Bulletin 59 (3): 415-451.

Goyder*, D.J. & Fontella-Pereira, J. (2005). Notes on Oxypetalum R. Br. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in Bolivia and Peru. Kew Bulletin 60 (1): 95-101.

Goyder*, D.J. & Rapini, A. (2003). Asclepiadaceae. In Zappi, D.Z., Lucas, E., Stannard, B.L., Nic Lughadha, E., Pirani, J.R., de Queiroz, L.P., Atkins, S., Hind, D.J.N., Giulietti, A.M., Harley, R.M., de Carvalho, A.M. Lista das plantas vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21 (2): 362.

Goyder*, D.J., Wood, J.R.I. & Williamson*, H.J. (2005). Aspidosperma resonans (Apocynaceae: Rauvolfioideae), a new species from the inter-Andean dry valleys of Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 60 (2): 313-317.

Harley*, R.M. (2001). A new calcicolous Hyptis (sect. Leucocephala, Labiatae) from the Irece region of Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 685-690.

Harley*, R.M. (2002). Lamiaceae. In Mori, S., (ed.) Guide to the vascular plants of Central French Guiana. Part 2. Dicotyledons. Memoirs of the New York Botanic Garden 76 (2): 363-369.

Harley*, R.M. (2002). Distribuição das espécies de Labiatae na caatinga. In Sampaio, E.V.S.B., Giulietti, A.M., Virginio, J. & Gamarra-Rojas, C.F.L. (eds) Vegetação e flora da caatinga. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste and Centro Nordestino de Informação sobre Plantas. 137-139.

Harley*, R.M. (2003). Hyptis bahiensis Harley: a new species of Labiatae from Brazil. Kew Bulletin 58 (2): 479-483.

Harley*, R.M. (2005). Introduction In Toscano, A.L.V. & Cribb*, P.J. (eds) Orquideas da Chapada Diamantina. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. 23-39, 306-311.

Harley*, R.M. & Giulietti, A.M. (2004). Wild flowers of the Chapada Diamantina. Illustrated walks in the mountains of NE Brazil. Flores Nativas da Chapada Diamantina. Trilhas botanicas ilustradas nas montanhas do Nordeste do Brasil. São Carlos: Rima Editora. 319 pp.

Harley*, R.M., Giulietti, A.M. & Santos, F.A.R., dos (2003). Holoregmia Nees, a recently discovered genus of Martyniaceae from Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 58 (1): 205-212.

Henkel, T.W., Roberts*, P. & Aime, M.C. (2004). Sebacinoid species from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Mycotaxon 89: 433 - 439.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2001). A new species of Barnadesia (Compositae: Barnadesieae) from Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 705-710.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2002). A new species of Porophyllum (Compositae: Heliantheae) from Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 57 (3): 705-709.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2003). On the Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 3-5.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2003). Mutisia, a short introduction. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 5-6.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2003). Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Compositae (Asteraceae). Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21 (1): 179-234.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2004). A new species of Loricaria (Compositae: Inuleae sensu lato) from Ecuador. Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 541-545.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2004). A new species of Jungia (Compositae: Mutisieae: Nassauviinae) from Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 311-314.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2005). Plant portraits: 532. Cosmos peucedanifolius. Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 22 (3): 161-168.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Biggs, N. (2003). Plant portraits: 460. Acmella oleracea, Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 31-39.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Fay*, M.F. (2003). Plant portraits: 461. Cosmos atrosanguineus, Compositae. Plants in peril 26. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 40-48.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Hall*, T. (2003). Plant portraits: 456. Mutisia retrorsa, Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 7-11.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Hall*, T. (2003). Plant portraits: 457. Mutisia subspinosa, Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 12-17.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Hall*, T. (2003). Plant portraits: 458. Mutisia subulata, Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 18-24.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Hall*, T. (2003). Plant portraits: 459. Barnadesia arborea, Compositae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 20 (1): 25-30.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Nesom, G.L. (2002). A new combination in Leptostelma D. Don (Compositae: Astereae). Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 478.

Hughes, C.E., Lewis*, G.P., Yomona, A.D. & Reynal, C. (2004). Maraniona. A new Dalbergioid legume genus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Peru. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 366-374.

Hunt*, D. (2002). That's Opuntia, that was! In Hunt, D. & Taylor*, N.P. (eds) Studies in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Milborne Port, Dorset: David Hunt. Succulent Plant Research; 6. 245-249.

Hunt*, D. (2002). Alphabetical list of currently accepted species. In Hunt, D. & Taylor*, N.P. (eds) Studies in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Milborne Port, Dorset: David Hunt. Succulent Plant Research, 6. 250-255.

Hunt*, D. & Taylor*, N.P. (eds) (2002). Studies in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Milborne Port, Dorset: David Hunt. Succulent Plant Research, 6 255 pp.

Hunt*, D.R. & Taylor*, N.P., (eds) (2002). Notulae systematicae lexicon cactacearum spectantes 1. Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 13: 10-17.

Hunt*, D.R. & Taylor*, N.P., (eds) (2002). Notulae systematicae lexicon cactacearum spectantes 2. Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 14: 7-19.

Hunt, D. & Taylor*, N.P. (2003). Notulae systematicae lexicon cactacearum spectantes III. Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives no.15: 5-11.

Hunt, D. & Taylor*, N.P. (2003). Notulae systematicae lexicon cactacearum spectantes IV. Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives no.16: 6-11.

Hunt, D.H. & Taylor*, N.P. (2005). Notulae systematicae lexicon cactacearum spectantes V. Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives no.19: 10-13.

Knapp, S., Sanders, L. & Baker*, W.J. (2002). Alfred Russel Wallace and the palms of the Amazon. Palms 46 (3): 109-119.

Leon, B., Durt*, T., Zappi*, D.C., Grant, S.D. & Knapp, S. (2003). Contacto con el pasado: el legado botanico de Richard Spruce. Arnaldoa 10 (2): 109-118.

Lewis*, G.P. (2001). Comments on Guianan legumes. Flora of the Guianas Newsletter no. 13: 56-60.

Lewis*, G.P. & Klitgaard, B.B. (2002). Leguminosas del sur de Ecuador. In Aguirre M, Z., Madsen, J.E., Cotton, E. & Balslev, H. (eds) Botanica austroecuatoriana: estudios sobre los recursos vegetales en las provincias de El Oro, Loja, y Zamora-Chinchipe. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Abya Yala. 185-224.

Liede-Schumann, S., Rapini*, A., Goyder*, D.J. & Chase*, M.W. (2005). Phylogenetics of the new world subtribes of Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae): Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae, and Gonolobinae. Systematic Botany 30 (1): 184-195.

Lima, H.C., de, Lewis*, G.P. & Bueno, E. (2002). Pau-brasil: uma biografia. In Bueno, E. & et al (eds) Pau-Brasil. São Paulo: Axis Mundi. 39-76.

Longhi-Wagner, H. & Renvoize*, S.A. (2004). The genus Ctenium (Poaceae-Cynodonteae) in Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 305-309.

Lucas*, E. (2002). Plant portraits: 438. Pachyphytum coeruleum. Crassulaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 19 (2): 78-82.

Lucas*, E. (2003). Distribution of Myrtaceae in the Guianas; present knowledge and directions for future studies. Flora of the Guianas Newsletter 14: 93-100.

Machado, M.C., Zappi*, D.C., Taylor*, N.P. & Borba, E.L. (2005). Taxonomy and conservation of the Discocactus Pfeiff. (Cactaceae) species occurring in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Bradleya 23: 41-56.

Mansano, V.d.F., Tozzi, A.M.G.d.A. & Lewis*, G.P. (2004). A revision of the South American genus Zollernia Wied-Neuw & Nees (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Swartzieae). Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 497-520.

Mansano, V.F., Lewis*, G.P. & Tozzi, A.M.G.A. (2002). Swartzia burchellii (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) from Goiás, Brazil; a new name for a taxon proposed by Bentham. Kew Bulletin 57 (3): 635-638.

Marchado, M. & Taylor*, N.P. (2003). A new subspecies of Tacinga inamoena (Cactaceae) from eastern Bahia, Brazil. Bradleya 21: 13-16.

Muellner*, A.N., Tremetsberger, K., Stuessy, T.F. & Baeza, C.M. (2005). Pleistocene refugia and recolonization routes in the southern Andes: insights from Hypochaeris palustris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Molecular Ecology 14: 203-212.

Nakajima, J.N., Esteves, R.L., Gonçalves Esteves, V., Magenta, M.A.G., Bianchini, R.S., Pruski, J.F. & Hind*, D.J.N. (2001 [2002]). Flora fanerogamica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (Sao Paulo, Brasil). Hoehnea 28 (2): 111-181.

Nunes, T.S., Zappi*, D.C. & Queiroz, L.P., de (2001). Lectotypification of two species of Passiflora (Passifloraceae). Kew Bulletin 56 (1): 245-246.

Pennington*, T.D. (2002). Mahogany: carving a future. Biologist 49 (5): 204-208.

Pennington*, T.D. & Edwards, K.S. (2001). Meliaceae. In Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. (eds) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 6. Liliaceae-Myrsinaceae. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. 528-549.

Pennington*, T.D. & Styles, B.T. (2001). Meliaceae. In Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (eds) Flora de Nicaragua. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (2). Vol. 2: 1419-1430.

Pennington*, T.D., Reynel, C. & Daza, A. (2004). Illustrated guide to the trees of Peru. Sherborne, Dorset: David Hunt. 848 pp.

Plana, V. & Prance*, G.T. (2004). A synopsis of the South American genus Euplassa (Proteaceae). Kew Bulletin 59 (1): 27-45.

Prance*, G.T. (2001). Dichapetalaceae. In Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (eds) Flora de Nicaragua. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (1). Vol. 1: 799-802.

Prance*, G.T. (2001). Two new species of Licania (Chrysobalanaceae). Novon 11: 325-328.

Prance*, G.T. (2001). Rhizophoraceae. In Stevens, W.D., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (eds) Flora de Nicaragua. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (3). Vol. 3: 2200-2201.

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Prance*, G.T. (2001). Climatic forcing of evolution in Amazonia during the Cenozoic: On the refuge theory of biotic differentiation. Amazoniana 16: 579-607.

Prance*, G.T. (2002). Chrysobalanaceae. In Mori, S.A. & al, e. (eds) Guide to the vascular plants of French Guiana: part 2. Dicotyledons. New York Botanical Garden Press. 202-212.

Prance*, G.T. (2002). Rhabdodendraceae. In Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds) The families and genera of vascular plants. Springer. 339-341.

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Prance*, G.T. (2003). Fruits of central and south America. In Caballero, B., Trugo, L. & Finglas, P. (eds) Encyclopaedia of food sciences and nutrition. Elsevier. 2810-2817.

Prance*, G.T. (2003). Plants of northeastern Brazil: a programme in sustainable use of plant resources. In Lemons, J., Victor, R. & Schaffer, D. (eds) Conserving biodiversity in arid regions: best practice in developing nations. Boston: Kluwer Academic. 291-298.

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Prance*, G.T. (2004). Indian black earth. Terra preta do Indio. Tropical Agriculture Association Newsletter 224: 32-33.

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Prance*, G.T. & Edwards, K.S. (2003). Four new species of Roupala (Proteaceae). Brittonia 55: 61-68.

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Prata, A.P., Lopez, A.G. & Simpson*, D.A. (2002). Bulbostylis edwalliana (Cyperaceae) validly published. Kew Bulletin 57 (1): 234.

Prata, A.P., Lopez, G. & Simpson*, D.A. (2001). New combinations in Bulbostylis (Cyperaceae) from South America. Kew Bulletin 56 (4): 1007-1009.

Pridgeon*, A.M. (2005). Echinosepala. In Pupulin, F. (ed.) Vanishing beauty: native Costa Rican orchids. Vol. 1. Acianthera-Kegeliella. San José, C.R.: Editorial of the Universidad de Costa Rica. 247.

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Pridgeon*, A.M. (2005). Anathallis. In Pupulin, F. (ed.) Vanishing beauty: native Costa Rican orchids. Vol. 1. Acianthera-Kegeliella. San José, C.R.: Editorial of the Universidad de Costa Rica. 20.

Rapini*, A., Chase*, M.W., Goyder*, D.J. & Griffiths*, J. (2003). Asclepiadeae classification: evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of New World Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). Taxon 52 (1): 33-50.

Rapini, A., Goyder*, D.J., Konno, T.U.P. & Farinaccio, M.A. (2005). Progress in asclepiad taxonomy: species numbers in Brazilian Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) through time. Kew Bulletin 60 (1): 111-115.

Richardson, J.E., Pennington, R.T., Pennington*, T.D. & Hollingsworth, P.M. (2001). Rapid diversification of a species rich genus of neotropical rain forest trees. Science 293 (5538): 2242-2245.

Rico Arce*, L. (2003). Geographical patterns in neotropical Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Australian Systematic Botany 16 (1): 41-48.

Rico Arce*, L. & Banks*, H. (2001). A preliminary survey of pollen and other morphological characters in neotropical Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (3): 263-270.

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Rico Arce*, M.d.L. (2005). Nombres nuevos para dos especies Mexicanas de Acacia (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae). Acta Botanica Mexicana 71: 89-92.

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Zappi*, D.C. (2003). Revision of Rudgea (Rubiaceae) in southeastern and southern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 58 (3): 513-596.

Zappi*, D.C. (2004). Flora de Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais: Loganiaceae. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 22 (2): 273-277.

Zappi*, D.C. & Lucas*, E. (2001). Rudgea crassifolia (Rubiaceae) - a new species from the coast of Eastern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 745-749.

Zappi*, D.C. & Lucas*, E. (2002). Sauvagesia nitida Zappi & E. Lucas (Ochnaceae): a new species from Catoles, Bahia, NE Brazil, and notes on Sauvagesia in Bahia and Minas Gerais. Kew Bulletin 57 (3): 711-717.

Zappi*, D.C. & Nunes, T.S. (2002). Listagem preliminar das Rubiaceae no nordeste do Brasil. / Preliminary checklist of Rubiaceae in northeastern Brazil. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 50 pp.

Zappi*, D.C. & Taylor*, N.P. (2003). Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Cactaceae. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21 (1): 147-154.

Zappi*, D.C., Lucas*, E., Stannard*, B.L., Nic Lughadha*, E., Pirani, J.R., Queiroz, L.P., de, Atkins*, S., Hind*, D.J.N., Giulietti, A.M., Harley*, R.M. & Carvalho, A.M., de (2003). Lista das plantas vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21 (2): 345-398.

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Annex material

Annex 1: selected postgraduate theses supported between 2001 and 2005   (Word document)