Drylands: Africa

Dry bushland in NW Kenya. Photo: H. Beentje.

Introduction

According to the United Nations, drylands cover approximately 41% of the Earth’s land surface, including many of the world’s poorest countries, and support more than two billion people. Land degradation affects one third of the Earth’s land surface and threatens the health and livelihoods of more than 1 billion people. Two international conventions, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) are particularly relevant to the drylands of Africa. Members of the Drylands Africa Group have had input to the UNCCD/CBD Joint Work Programme on the Biological Diversity of Dry and Sub-Humid Lands and RBG Kew’s definition of drylands follows that of the UNCCD/CBD Joint Work Programme, therefore incorporating not just hyper-arid to semi-arid biomes but also Mediterranean-type, savanna and grassland ecosystems, all of which are characterised by water stress at some time of the year. Two thirds of Africa’s land surface area is desert and dryland, and 73% of its agricultural drylands are already severely or moderately degraded.

The objective of the Drylands Africa team is to continue improving the quality of Kew collections; to improve our African partners’ access to information on their own plant biodiversity; and to improve the understanding of this plant biodiversity through collaborative projects, leading to sustainable use and effective conservation.

Our vision is to see a wide range of species and vegetation types conserved and sustainably used within Africa, through the use of the best available information by our African partners and others. Our strategy, therefore, is to make Kew's botanical information (both collections and expertise) much more widely available to a broad range of potential users, and to build on Kew's institutional strengths and expertise. This, of course, requires close collaboration with our African partners, particularly in areas of high diversity that are being threatened by agricultural conversion, over-use of natural vegetation and other man-made threats.

Currently we have a diverse range of collaborators in Africa and our contacts are spread across the whole of the continent; research is often focused at a national level, but several projects are regional in scale. The diversity of contacts in Africa is a unique Kew strength and one we should both treasure and continue to develop. Because we work in so many countries in Africa we can provide an overview of botanical issues and provide comparative data; this is often difficult to do from a national level within Africa. 

 Specific goals are:

Collections: to improve our collections and those of our sister herbaria with which we have close links, focusing on areas that are under-collected and/or of high conservation interest, and plant groups that are under-represented.

Baseline plant diversity research: to complete Flora of Tropical East Africa and Flora Zambesiaca, and to move on to field guides and conservation checklists – in close collaboration with local colleagues, and in response to the wishes of our stakeholders in Africa; and to compile and disseminate botanical information, including the establishment and development of our databases on plant information: SEPASAL, PROTA, the African Wild Harvest programme and the African Plants Initiative.

Comparative plant biology: molecular work to underpin taxonomy of larger and/or complicated genera; continue to link conservation planning with the phylogenetic data; calculate extinction risks for taxa within South Africa’s three biodiversity hotspots, building on the complete Red List for the South African flora (to be published imminently by IUCN); provide baseline data for the development of future conservation actions within current partnerships and to develop new partnerships, and extend the use of DNA resources to DNA barcoding for conservation (for example, at the Kruger National Park).

Conservation: to establish core holdings of dryland plant species’ seed, and to improve our knowledge of propagation of the seed; in conjunction with our taxonomic work, continue to publish conservation assessments, environmental and habitat assessments, some of which by using phylogenetic and DNA barcoding information. As we develop our strategy for the future we will consider how this knowledge can be used to support some of the conservation strategies being developed within the African continent.  

Capacity building: (for example staff training, both individually and through group courses, biotechnology, DNA banking and DNA barcoding) including collaboration with, and involvement in, transborder capacity-building projects such as the South African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), the Botanical and Zoological Network of East Africa (BOZONET), and the Darwin Initiative ‘DNA banking, phylogeny and conservation of the South African Flora’.

Background

Against a background of continuing environmental degradation in the world's arid and semi-arid regions, and the recognition that a better understanding of such regions' plant diversity is fundamental to its conservation and sustainable use, and has great potential for poverty alleviation, drylands were chosen as one of the main foci for Kew's scientific work. The geographical focus on Africa builds on:

·        the extensive (c. 1.5 million) collections of dryland African specimens held in the Kew Herbarium, which allows accurate identification of plant material from this biome;

·        the development since 1981 of the Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database;

·        the dryland seed collecting of the Seed Bank;

·        and on the South African DNA bank established at SANBI in partnership with Kew (Darwin Initiative).

Kew’s two major Flora projects in southern and eastern Africa, Flora Zambesiaca and Flora of Tropical East Africa, incorporate large areas of drylands.

African drylands are one of the main foci of the Millennium Seed Bank, and are also well represented in the living and economic botany collections. Kew employs around 20 people who spend all or most of their time working with the flora of the S and E Africa region. The institute-wide Drylands Africa Group meets regularly to discuss common interests and encourage collaboration.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)

KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)

Collections (2001-2005)

In this period we increased our holdings of seed/species collected by: 132 collections from Botswana; 497 from Madagascar; 166 from Malawi; 179 from Namibia; 1,271 from South Africa.

 A DNA bank was set up at the South African National Biodiversity Institute; 4,000 new DNA samples (primarily Cape) were banked and duplicated between South Africa (SANBI) and Kew; students and staff were trained in DNA banking and molecular phylogenetics.

4,000 herbarium specimens were collected on thirty field trips; they were named and added to our collections, and duplicates of these were sent to our host countries.

14,000 herbarium specimens, sent to us for identification by a wide range of institutes and individuals, were named and incorporated into our collections.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2001-2005)

48 Flora parts have been published, with a total of 2,964 species; significant progress has been made allocating all outstanding groups to experts to complete the writing up, editing, and publishing. There is increasing involvement of East African authors, either as author or co-author. Flora Zambesiaca is now online, and we are working to do the same for the Flora of Tropical East Africa.

Eighty-three new species have been published for this period.

The 17th AETFAT Congress Proceedings were edited and will be published by Kew, with approximately 60 articles and over 800 pages.

Continental revisions have now been completed for most African genera in the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae), covering almost all the diversity in tropical Africa.

Comparative Plant Biology (2001-2005)

A phylogeny for Tribe Ocimeae (Lamiaceae) was created, which involved two African PhD’s.

The uses of Plectranthus from literature were mapped onto the phylogeny to explore the predictive power of phylogeny and to improve the understanding of taxonomic distribution of uses.

One letter published in Science, entitled A Plea for DNA Banking, plus six other papers in journals with IF>2.

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)

SEPASAL: Completion of first release of SEPASAL Global Editing software enabling remote data contributions and editing. SEPASAL regional nodes established in Kenya (2002) and Namibia (2004) and local staff fully trained in use of SEPASAL database and Taxonomic Database Working Group (TDWG) data recording standards. More than 800 African species substantially updated on SEPASAL by end of 2005. Significant increase in dissemination of SEPASAL data via the internet (2005 download average of 102 species data sheets per month; an average of 398 searches per month) and via ePIC (75,317 queries in 2003; 97,807 in 2004; 133,519 in 2005; and over 440,00 in the first nine months of 2006). Increased use of SEPASAL in ‘node’ countries, for example by research institutions, governmental agencies, development agencies, and NGOs.

African Wild Harvest: started in 2002 to promote the sustainable use of traditional and wild food plants for diet diversification and improved nutrition, through conservation of indigenous knowledge. Agreement signed between National Museums of Kenya (NMK) and Kew in March 2005. Agreements with two rural communities in western Kenya were finalised in September 2005 to work with them in conserving their indigenous knowledge and to promote sustainable use of their traditional food plants.

PROTA: Kew became a collaborating partner of the PROTA Foundation in 2000 and hosts the UK Country Office. PROTA is an international programme co-ordinated by Wageningen University, The Netherlands concerned with documenting the useful flora of tropical Africa. Kew has provided extensive editorial input has been provided for the PROTA Handbooks, namely: Associate Editorship for the PROTA Precursor (2002) and Medicinal Plants (2005) volumes; and authors for several species review articles. Over 1,500 bibliographic records of ‘grey’ literature have been collected UK-wide for the PROTA Databank and directories of UK-based experts and organisations with African foci compiled. 

Ethnobotanical data about the traditional uses of plants for the treatment of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and diabetes as well as general medicinal uses were collected in Tunisia, Kenya and Ghana. Collating and studying the chemistry and activity of these species has provided a framework for PhD projects for students in these countries to develop their knowledge about the diversity of uses of their flora and the importance of conserving traditional knowledge as well as biodiversity. Between 2000 and 2005 a total of 187 different species have been studied.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)

Herbarium collections and Geographic Information Systems employed to pioneer use of monographic data for predicting conservation assessments. Such use is now becoming more widespread, for instance at the 2006 Dar es Salaam workshop where 150 Red List conservation assessments were made

The Darwin Initiative project on DNA banking, phylogeny and conservation of the South African flora, for which funding was secured in 2003, enables identification of areas of high priority for conservation.

FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

Collections (2006 onwards)

We aim to continue the collection of herbarium specimens to cover gaps in taxonomy and geographical coverage, concentrating on areas of high conservation interest.

Coverage of the DNA bank will be extended to include all South African genera.

Continue to make seed collections in collaboration with partners in dryland countries (including Burkina Faso and Mali), of which at least 25% concern endangered, endemic or economically important species.

Baseline Plant Diversity Research (2006 onwards)

A main aim is to complete both the FTEA and FZ Flora projects; FTEA by 2008, FZ by a 2010.

Incorporate newly published FZ volumes to the existing e-floras resource and make the whole of the FTEA accessible electronically.

Kew will embark on producing a series of easy-to-use field guides for geographical areas, vegetation types or plant groups.  This will be driven by local needs and involve collaborating with local scientists.

Several field trips in southern Africa will be organised with the objective to collect plant samples and capture insects (including pollinators) as part of the HOTSPOTS project. DNA barcoding approaches will be used for insect identification, and patterns of both pollinator and plant diversity will be examined to help explain hyper-diversity in the various hotspots.

Comparative Plant Biology (2006 onwards)

A number of high profile papers on the use of phylogenetic diversity indices for designing conservation strategies are expected to be submitted and published.

EU-funded HOTSPOTS (Large-Scale Syntheses team) and HOTMED projects will be implemented. Results of activities will continue to be published in journals with IF>2, especially with regard to using DNA barcoding and phylogenetic data in conservation planning.

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2006 onwards)

The African focus of SEPASAL will continue to be developed by strengthening existing links with partner nodes and seeking opportunities to develop new partnerships. We aim to make available online comprehensive, fully referenced data sets for 600 Namibian species by end of 2006, and for 1,500 E African species by end of 2007. Major enhancements of SEPASAL Global Editing and web-querying interface to increase data capture and to enable easier access to data for users are expected.

Kew will continue hosting the UK Country Office of PROTA, providing ongoing input into PROTA’s databases and contributing to publications for the PROTA Handbook series, particularly Cereals and Pulses, Dyes and Tannins, Vegetable Oils, Medicinal Plants, and Timbers, and associated “Special Products” already in preparation. We also intend to continue to meet targets of 600 UK-collected bibliographic references per annum (funding dependent).

Database links between PROTA and SEPASAL will be developed in order to enable the enhanced data sets to be used as a guide for prioritising collecting targets.

As part of the African Wild Harvest project, Kew will: work with Kenyan partners and farmers' communities to produce a toolkit for the conservation of indigenous knowledge for sustainable use of traditional food plants; facilitate the communities in publication of their indigenous knowledge relating to traditional food plants; assist communities in developing their own seed resources (funding dependent). Working with Kenyan partners and farmers' communities, African Wild Harvest will be expanded to contribute to the recommendations of the COP VII/32 cross-cutting initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition.

Kew will contribute to an African-led database on the anti-tuberculosis activity of plants.

The development of “health” gardens in Grahamstown, South Africa will be supported as part of the Darwin Initiative project to encourage the sustainable production of food and medicinal plants.

We will continue to work with collaborators in Nigeria, Ghana, Tunisia, Kenya on collating ethnobotanical information about the uses of plants, studying the diversity of plants used to treat different conditions and evaluating these traditional uses.

Kews Millenium Seed Bank Project (MSBP) will support plant conservation effort, plant propagation and (re) introduction/restoration programmes (use of collections) in partner countries and of collaborators in Drylands Africa.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)

A series of conservation checklists for focus countries will be produced, concentrating on groups suggested by those countries, bringing taxonomy up to date and providing conservation assessments for all species; species with higher conservation ratings will be treated in more detail.

The manual DNA & Tissue Banking for Biodiversity and Conservation was jointly published by RBG Kew and IUCN in January 2006.

In general, an important part of the strategy is cross-departmental synergy, including multiple uses of datasets. The wide range of projects within Drylands Africa offers great scope for such synergy. An example of this is comparative biology, where there are strong links between work underway in the Jodrell and the Herbarium, with molecular work underpinning the taxonomy and evolutionary biology of larger and/or complicated genera such as Plectranthus. Again, RBG Kew is in a position to be able to carry out these long-term studies, unlike many other institutes where the horizon often has to be limited to shorter time scales. We also continue to link conservation planning with the phylogenetic data and provide baseline data for the development of future conservation actions within current partnerships, and to extend the use of DNA resources to DNA banking and barcoding for conservation. Another example of an integrated approach is the joint MSB/Sustainable Uses of Plants programme in Kenya and Namibia; this has already led to SEPASAL/PROTA species being ranked in terms of their usefulness to assist our partners in Kenya and Namibia with developing priorities for seed collecting. Other links include the input of both Herbarium and Jodrell staff in conservation and sustainable use reports. There are more opportunities to strengthen the links among the departments, especially through greater taxonomic input into the applied work at the Jodrell Laboratory, e.g. in assessments of sustainable use of useful indigenous food and crop plants as well as economic studies including medicinal plants

Projects

Additions to Rubiaceae for the Flora of Tropical East Africa

African Plants Initiative

African Wild Harvest

Africulture Centre

Assessment and Management of Red List and Endemic Plant Species, Namibia

Co-Evolution at the Plant-Animal Interface

Collaborative Fieldwork and Vegetation Studies in Ethiopia

Conservation Checklist of the Trees of Uganda

Darwin 15/036: Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity Loss in South-East Africa’s Montane Ecosystems

DNA Banking, Phylogeny and Conservation of the South African Flora

Evolutionary Origin of Biodiversity Hotspots with a Mediterranean Climate (HOTMED)

Field Guides: Published and Planned

Flora of Tropical East Africa

Flora Zambesiaca

Flora Zambesiaca: Leguminosae

Fuelwoods: Structure and Sustainability

Interactive Key to African Plants

Millennium Seed Bank Project in Namibia

Millennium Seed Bank Project in South Africa

Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA)

Publication of 2003 AETFAT Proceedings

Collecting and Conserving Threatened and Useful Wild Species from Botswana and Building Seed Conservation Capacity

Collecting and Conserving Wild Species from Burkina Faso and Mali and Building Seed Conservation Capacity

Collecting and Conserving Wild Species from Malawi and Building Seed Conservation Capacity

SEEDS FOR LIFE: a Seed Partnership between Kenya Seed Conservation Agencies and the RBG Kew Millennium Seed Bank Project

A Seed Conservation Partnership between Tanzanian Seed Conservation Organisations and the RBG Kew Millennium Seed Bank Project

Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL)

Systematics, Sustainable Use and Conservation of Tribe Ocimeae (Basil and Allies, Lamiaceae)

Understanding and Conserving the Earth’s Biodiversity Hotspots (HOTSPOTS)

People

Herbarium

Henk Beentje, Sally Bidgood, Gemma Bramley, Stuart Cable, Martin Cheek, Frances Crawford, Iain Darbyshire, Daisy Dent, Shahina Ghazanfar, David Goyder, Tim Harris, Yvette Harvey, Nicholas Hind, Kim Hoenselaar, Don Kirkup, Gwilym Lewis, Barbara Mackinder, Patricia Malcom-Tompkins, Simon Mayo, Justin Moat, Alan Paton, Brian Schrire, David Simpson, Jonathan Timberlake, Paul Wilkin, Emma York

Jodrell Laboratory

Mark Chase, Steve Davis, Michael Fay, Peter Gasson, Olwen Grace, Rory McBurney, Vincent Savolainen, Monique Simmonds

Seed Conservation Department

Tim Pearce, Moctar Sacande, Paul Smith, Michiel van Slageren

Honorary researchers

Dick Brummitt, David Cutler, John Dransfield, Susan Holmes, Robert Johns, Mike Lock, Sylvia Phillips, Roger Polhill, Bernard Verdcourt, Kaj Vollesen

Partners

Botswana

Botswana National Herbarium

Botswana National Plant Genetic Resources Centre

Botswana National Tree Seed Centre

Veld Products Research and Development

Ethiopia

University of Ethiopia (Dept. of Botany), Addis Ababa

Kenya

Government of Kenya Forest Department

Jomo Kenyatta University (Dept. of Botany)

Kenya Forestry Research Institute (Forestry Seed Centre)

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (National Genebank)

Kenya Wildlife Services

Moi University (Dept. of Agriculture)

National Museums of Kenya (East African Herbarium and Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge) 

Malawi

Forestry Research Institute of Malawi

Malawi National Herbarium and Botanic Garden

Malawi National Plant Genetic Resources Centre

Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust

National Herbarium, Zomba 

Mozambique

Agricultural Research Herbarium Maputo

Maputo University Herbarium, Maputo

Namibia

National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek

Republic of South Africa

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria and Kirstenbosch (SANBI)

Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg

University of Cape Town, Cape Town

University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg

University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban

University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch

Tanzania

Tropical Pest Research Institute (National Herbarium), Arusha

University of Dar es Salaam (Dept. of Botany)

Tunisia

University of Monastir, Monastir

University of Sfax, Sfax

Uganda

Makerere University (Dept. of Botany, Herbarium, Dept. of Forestry), Kampala

Zambia

Mt Makulu Herbarium, Chilanga

Zambia National Tree Seed Centre, Kitwe

Zimbabwe

National Herbarium, Harare

Plus a host of European and North American herbaria (Lisbon, Brussels, Wageningen, Paris, Edinburgh, Missouri, Smithsonian, New York)

Publications

Andrews*, S. (2001). 9. Corchorus. In Beentje, H.J. & Smith, S.A.L. (eds) Flora of Tropical East Africa, Tiliaceae and Muntingiaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 101-113.

Andrews*, S. (2004). A taxonomic update on the South African lavender scene. Lavender Bag 22: 4-13.

Balcha, G., Pearce*, T.R. & Demissie, A. (2003). Biological diversity and current ex-situ conservation practices in Ethiopia. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 847-856.

Beentje*, H.J. (2002). Kilimanjaro high-altitude plants: tough survivors. In Salkeld, A. (ed.) Kilimanjaro, to the roof of Africa. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 160-161.

Beentje*, H.J. (2002). Strophanthus kombe. In Oyen, L.P.A. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds) Plant resources of Tropical Africa. Precursor. Wageningen: PROTA. 137-139.

Beentje*, H.J. (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Cymodoceaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 10 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Compositae, part 2. Rotterdam: Balkema. 232 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. (2003). A new species of Senecio (Compositae: Senecioneae) from southern Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 58 (1): 233-235.

Beentje*, H.J. (2003). Felicia fischeri (Asteraceae) refound in northwest Tanzania. Novon 13 (4): 403-404.

Beentje*, H.J. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Podostemaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 12 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Restionaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Cheek*, M. (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Glossary. Lisse: Balkema. 116 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Hydnoraceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 7 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Adiantaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 67 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Apocynaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 114 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Pteridaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 29 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Balanitaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 14 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Marsileaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 16 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Alliaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 8 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Callitrichaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 4 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Woodsiaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 25 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Selaginellaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 24 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae part 3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 322 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Restionaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Santalaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 27 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Ochnaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 60 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Cyatheaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 15 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Podostemaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 12 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Grammitidaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 22 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Isoetaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 8 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Colchicaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Liliaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Ghazanfar*, S.A. (eds) (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Lycopodiaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 19 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Hind*, D.J.N. (2002). A new species of Pseudoblepharispermum (Compositae, Inuleae: Plucheinae) from Somalia. Kew Bulletin 57 (1): 213-217.

Beentje*, H.J. & Luke, Q. (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Hydnoraceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 7 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Mesfin Tadesse (2002). A new species and a new name in Vernonia (Compositae: Vernonieae) from Somalia. Kew Bulletin 57 (1): 219-221.

Beentje*, H.J. & Mesfin Tadesse (2004). A new species of Emilia. Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 325-326.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Oleandraceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 16 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Polypodiaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 37 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Ophioglossaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 19 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Tiliaceae and Muntingiaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 120 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Myrtaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 89 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (2001 [2002]). FTEA and after. In Robbrecht, E., Degreef, J. & Friis, I. (eds) Plant systematics and phytogeography for the understanding of African biodiversity. Proceedings of the XVI AETFAT Congress, held at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Aug. 28 - Sept. 2, 2000. Meise: National Botanic Garden (Belgium). Systematics and Geography of Plants, 71(2) special issue. 265-290.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Compositae, part 2. Rotterdam: Balkema. 232 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Cymodoceaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 10 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Gentianacaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 68 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Portulacaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 40 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Asphodelaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 19 pp.

Beentje*, H.J. & Smith*, S.A.L. (eds) (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Lomariopsidaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 31 pp.

Beentje*, H.J., Jeffrey, C. & Hind*, D.J.N. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae part 3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 322 pp.

Bidgood*, S. (2001). Ethiopian artefacts made with plant materials: vanishing wonders. Biologiske Skrifter 54: 311-318.

Bingham, M.G. & Smith*, P.P. (2002). Zambia - Red Data List. In Golding, J.S. (ed.) Southern African plant red data lists. Pretoria, South Africa: Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET). SABONET Report Series No. 14. 135-156.

Bornman, C.H., Grace*, O.M. & Van Staden, J. (2004). Sustainable biotechnology for sub-Saharan Africa: can it be implemented and maintained? South African Journal of Botany 70: 1-11.

Bouaziz, M., Simmonds*, M.S.J., Grayer*, R.J., Kite*, G.C. & Damak, M. (2001). Flavonoids from Hyparrhenia hirta Stapf. (Poaceae) growing in Tunisia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29 (8): 849-851.

Boulos, L. & Hind*, D.J.N. (2002). Compositae. In Boulos, L. (ed.) Flora of Egypt. Volume 3. (Verbenaceae - Compositae). Cairo: Al Hadara. 134-317.

Bridson*, D. (2001). Additional notes on Pavetta (Rubiaceae: Pavetteae) from Tropical Eastern and Southern Africa. Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 567-600.

Bridson*, D.M. & Verdcourt*, B. (2004). 94. Rubiaceae. In Pope, G.V. (ed.) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 5, part 3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 379-720.

Brown, N.A.C., van Staden, J., Daws*, M.I. & Johnson, T. (2003). Patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape Floral Region. South African Journal of Botany 69: 514-525.

Brown, N.A.C., van Staden, J., Johnson, T. & Daws*, M.I. (2003). A summary of patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape floral region. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 563-574.

Brummitt*, R. (2001). Tecophilaeaceae [excluding Walleria by G. Cowley]. In Pope, G. (ed.) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 12, part 3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18, 20-25.

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Burgoyne, P.M., van Wyk, A.E., Anderson, J.M. & Schrire*, B.D. (2005). Phanerozoic evolution of plants on the African plate. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 13-52.

Burrows, J. & Johns*, R.J. (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Ophioglossaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 19 pp.

Carter*, S. (2001). Euphorbia amicorum, a new species from Djibouti. Cactus and Succulent Journal (USA) 73 (4): 176-178.

Carter*, S. (2004). Two new species of Euphorbia subsp Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) from east and northeast Somalia. Nordic Journal of Botany 23 (3): 295-297.

Carter*, S. (2005). Two new species of Euphorbia subsp. Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) from east and northern Somalia. Nordic Journal of Botany 23 (3): 295-297.

Cheek*, M. (2001). Triumfetta. In Beentje, H.J. & Smith, S.A.L. (eds) Flora of Tropical East Africa, Tiliaceae and Muntingiaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 67-93.

Cheek*, M. (2002). A new species of Cola (Sterculiaceae) from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 417-422.

Cheek*, M. (2003). A new species of Afrothismia (Burmanniaceae) from Kenya. Kew Bulletin 58 (4): 951-955.

Cope*, T. (2002). Andropogoneae. In Pope, G.V. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 10, part 4. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1-190.

Cope*, T.A. & Ryves, T.B. (2003). A new species of Styppeiochloa De Winter (Poaceae) from Angola. Kew Bulletin 58 (3): 739-741.

Cortes Burns, H., Schrire*, B.D., Pennington, R.T. & Miller, A.G. (2004). A taxonomic revision of Socotran Indigofereae (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) with insights into the phytogeographical links of the Socotran Archipelago. Nordic Journal of Botany 22 (6): 693-711.

Cribb*, P., Herrman, C. & Demissew Sebsebe (2002). New records of orchids from Ethiopia. Lindleyana 17 (4): 178-188.

Cribb*, P., Thomas*, S. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2001). The orchids of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Biologiske Skrifter 54: 75-84.

Cribb*, P.J. (2004). Unusual orchids in Ethiopia. Ungewöhnliche Orchideen in Äthiopien. Journal für den Orchideenfreund 11 (1): 5-14.

Cribb*, P.J. & Roberts*, D. (2004). Unusual Habenarias and other orchids in Ethiopia. Orchid Review 122: 209-213.

Davies*, T.J., Barraclough*, T.G., Savolainen*, V. & Chase*, M.W. (2004). Environmental causes for plant biodiversity gradients. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 359: 1645-1656.

Davies*, T.J., Savolainen*, V., Chase*, M.W., Goldblatt, P. & Barraclough*, T.G. (2005). Environment, area, and diversification in the species-rich flowering plant family Iridaceae. American Naturalist 166 (3): 418-425.

Davies*, T.J., Savolainen*, V., Chase*, M.W., Moat*, J. & Barraclough*, T.G. (2004). Environmental energy and evolutionary rates in flowering plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271: 2195-2200.

Davis*, A.P. & Mvungi, E.F. (2004). Two new and endangered species of Coffea (Rubiaceae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains (Tanzania) and notes on associated conservation issues. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 237-245.

Edmonds*, J. (2005). The Solanaceae in the Flora of Tropical East Africa. In Keating, R.C., Hollowell, V.C. & Croat, T.B. (eds) A Festschrift for William G. D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden; 104. 157-196.

Edwards*, P.J. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Cyatheaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 15 pp.

Fennel, C.W., Lindsey, K.L., McGaw, L.J., Sparg, S.G., Stafford, G.I., Elgorashi, E.E., Grace*, O.M. & Van Staden, J. (2004). Assessing African medicinal plants for efficacy and safety: pharmacological screening and toxicology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94: 205-217.

Friis, I. & Bidgood*, S. (2001 [2002]). Additional observations on Dombeya kefaensis (Sterculiaceae) and the diversity of Dombeya in S.W. Ethiopia. Nordic Journal of Botany 21 (4): 337-340.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2001). The deserts of central Oman. In al Tai, H. (ed.) Pride. Oman: Al Roya Publishing. 32-41.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2002). The genus Pachycymbium (N.E.Br.) M. Gilbert (Asclepiadaceae) in Oman. Asklepios 84: 16-18.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2002). A new species of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) from the Sultanate of Oman. Willdenowia 32 (1): 69-72.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2002). A new species of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) from the Sultanate of Oman, Arabia. Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 491-494.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2002). The Sabkha vegetation of Oman. In Barth, G.H. & Boer, B. (eds) Sabkha ecosystems. Volume 1, The Arabian Peninsula and adjacent countries. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. 99-107.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2002). Succulent healers. Asklepios 86: 3-7.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2003). Flora of Oman Volume 1, Piperaceae - Primulaceae. Scripta Botanica Belgica 25. Meise, Belgium: National Botanic Garden. 262 pp.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2004). Biology of the Central Desert of Oman. Turkish Journal of Botany 28 (1-2): 64-72.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. (2005). A new species of Cycnium (Scrophulariaceae sensu lato) from Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 60 (3): 461-463.

Ghazanfar*, S.A. & Edmondson, J.R. (2003). Two new species of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) from the Sultanate of Oman, Arabia. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (1): 11-18.

Gilbert*, M.G. & Thulin, M. (2005). Caralluma lamellosa (Apocynaceae), a remarkable new species from Somalia. Nordic Journal of Botany 23 (5): 523-525.

Goldblatt, P., Manning, J.C., Davies*, J., Savolainen*, V. & Rezai, S. (2004). Cyanixia, a new genus for the Socotran endemic Babiana socotrana (Iridaceae-Crocoideae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 517-532.

Goldblatt, P., Savolainen*, V., Porteous, O., Sostaric, I., Powell*, M., Reeves*, G., Manning, J.C., Barraclough, T.G. & Chase*, M.W. (2002). Radiation in the Cape flora and the phylogeny of peacock irises Moraea (Iridaceae) based on four plastid DNA regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 341-360.

Goyder*, D. (2001). Is Adenium a valid genus? A response. Asklepios no. 83: 3.

Goyder*, D. (2001). Asclepiadaceae or Apocynaceae? Asklepios no. 83: 13-16.

Goyder*, D.J. (2001). A revision of the tropical African genus Trachycalymma (K. Schum.) Bullock (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bulletin 56 (1): 129-161.

Goyder*, D.J. (2001). Gomphocarpus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae) in an African and a global context: an outline of the problem. Biologiske Skrifter 54: 55-62.

Goyder*, D.J. (2003). A new species of Tylophora (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae) from central Somalia. Kew Bulletin 58 (3): 723-726.

Goyder*, D.J. (2004). The identity of Pergularia tacazzeana Chiov. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) - Telosma africana (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. newly recorded for the 'Flora of Ethiopea and Eritrea'. Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 651.

Goyder*, D.J. (2004). Key to the species of Gomphocarpus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae) - a correction. Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 304.

Goyder*, D.J. (2005). Infraspecific variation in Margaretta rosea Oliv. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bulletin 60 (1): 87-94.

Goyder*, D.J. & Condy, G. (2003). Pachycarpus concolor subsp. arenicola (Apocynaceae:Asclepiadeae). Flowering Plants of Africa 58: 96-103.

Goyder*, D.J. & Nicholas, A. (2001). A revision of Gomphocarpus R. Br. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae). Kew Bulletin 56 (4): 769-836.

Goyder*, D.J., Venter, H.J.T., Liede, S., Gilbert, M.G., Albers, F. & Guldenberg, S. (2003). Asclepiadaceae. In Hedberg, S., Edwards, S. & Nemomissa, S. (eds) Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Addis Ababa: The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Addis Ababa University; Uppsala: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University. Vol. 4(1): 99-193.

Grace*, O.M. & Davis*, S.D. (2002). Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. In Oyen, L.P.A. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds) Plant resources of Tropical Africa.  Precursor. Wageningen: PROTA Programme. 98-102.

Grace*, O.M., Prendergast*, H.D.V., Jager, A.K. & van Staden, J. (2003). Bark medicines used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: an inventory. South African Journal of Botany 69 (3): 301-363.

Grace*, O.M., Prendergast*, H.D.V., van Staden, J. & Jager, A.K. (2002). The status of bark in South African traditional health care. South African Journal of Botany 68 (1): 21-30.

Grace*, O.M., Prendergast*, H.D.V., Van Staden, J. & Jager, A.K. (2003). The suitability of Thin Layer Chromatography for authenticating bark medicines used in South African traditional healthcare. South African Journal of Botany 69 (2): 1-5.

Grace*, O.M., Staden, J.v., Jäger, A.K. & Prendergast*, H.D.V. (2005). Authentication of barks used in South African traditional healthcare with Thin Layer Chromatography. Quality, efficacy, safety, processing and trade in MAPs. In Proceedings of WOCMAP III: The Third World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 3-7 February, 2003. Volume 5. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 679: 71-74.

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Hankamer*, C., Ipulet, P., Clubbe*, C. & Maunder*, M. (2002). Capacity building for plant conservation in East Africa: a case study of the National Museums of Kenya-Darwin Plant Conservation Techniques Course. In Maunder, M., Clubbe, C., Hankamer, C. & Groves, M. (eds) Plant conservation in the tropics: perspectives and practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 269-295.

Hepper*, F.N. (2004). Francis Masson. In Matthew, H.C.B. & Harrison, B. (eds) Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Vol. 37: 241.

Hildebrand, E., Sebsebe Demissew & Wilkin*, P. (2002). Local and regional landrace disappearance in species of Dioscorea (L.) (yams) in southwest Ethiopia: causes of agrobiodiversity loss and strategies for conservation. In Stepp, J.R., Wyndham, F.S. & Zarger, R.K. (eds) Ethnobiology and biocultural diversity. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. 678-695.

Hind*, D.J.N. (2001). Lectotypification of Erythrocephalum Benth. (Compositae: Mutisieae). Kew Bulletin 56 (4): 1019-1020.

Hind*, D.J.N. & Boulos, L. (2002). Four new combinations in Pulicaria (Compositae: Inuleae). Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 495-498.

Hoenselaar*, K. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Colchicaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 18 pp.

Jager, A.K., McGaw, L.-J., Grace*, O.M. & Van Staden, J. (2004). Bioprospecting of forest and woodland plant species used in Zulu traditional medicine. In Lawes, M.J., Eeley, H.A.C., Shackleton, C.M. & Geach, B.G.S. (eds) Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa: policy, people and practice. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. 493-516.

Küper, W., Sommer, H., Lovett, J.C., Mutke, J., Linder, H.P., Beentje*, H.J., Rompaey, R.S.A.R., Chatelain, C., Sosef, M. & Barthlott, W. (2004). Africa's hotspots of biodiversity redefined. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91 (4): 525-535.

Kirkup*, D., Malcolm, P., Christian*, G. & Paton*, A. (2005). Towards a digital African Flora. Taxon 54 (2): 457-466.

Labat, J.N. & Beentje*, H.J. (2003). A new species of Psidia (Compositae) from Mayotte. Kew Bulletin 58 (4): 971-975.

Leteinturier, B. & Polhill*, R.M. (2003). Two new species of Crotalaria (Fabaceae) from metalliferous sites in Zimbabwe. Systematics and Geography of Plants 73 (2): 285-288.

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Lock*, M. (2002). New species of Xyris (Xyridaceae) from Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 445-450.

Luckow, M., Hughes, C., Schrire*, B., Winter, P., Fagg, C., Fortunato, R., Hurter, J., Rico*, L., Breteler, F.J., Bruneau, A., Caccavari, M., Craven, L., Crisp, M., Delgado, A., Demissew, S., Doyle, J.J., Grether, R., Harris, S., Herendeen, P.S., Hernandez, H.M., Hirsch, A.M., Jobson, R., Klitgaard, B.B., Labat, J.N., Lock*, M., MacKinder*, B., Pfeil, B., Simpson, B.B., Smith, G.F., Sousa, M., Timberlake, J., van der Maesen, J.G., Van Wyk, A.E., Vorster, P., Willis, C.K., Wieringa, J.J. & Wojciechowski, M.F. (2005). Acacia: the case against moving the type to Australia. Taxon 54 (2): 513-519.

Luke, Q. & Beentje*, H.J. (2003). A new Vernonia (Compositae: Vernonieae) from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 58 (4): 977-980.

Luke, Q. & Verdcourt*, B. (2004). An early record of Gigasiphon macrosiphon (Harms) Brenan (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) from Kenya and an update on its conservation status. Journal of East African Natural History 93 (1-2): 75-77.

Lukhoba, C.W. & Paton*, A. (2003). A new species and new variety in Plectranthus L'Her. (Labiatae) from Eastern Africa. Kew Bulletin 58 (4): 909-917.

Mackinder*, B., Pasquet, R., Polhill*, R.M. & Verdcourt*, B. (2001). Tribe 8. Phaseoleae. In Pope, G.V. & Polhill, R.M. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 5. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1-261.

Maunder*, M., Stanley-Price, M., Soorae, P. & Mashauri, S. (2002). The role of tropical botanic gardens in supporting species and habitat recovery: East African opportunities. In Maunder, M., Clubbe, C., Hankamer, C. & Groves, M. (eds) Plant conservation in the tropics: perspectives and practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 115-134.

McBurney*, R. (2002). African Wild Harvest project. Field Exchange (Emergency Nutrition Network journal, Dublin) Issue 16 (August 2002): 10.

McBurney*, R. (2003). Micronutrients - a field perspective. Health Exchange (May): 15-17.

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McBurney*, R.P.H., Griffin, C., Paul, A.A. & Greenberg, D.C. (2004). The nutritional composition of African wild food plants: from compilation to utilisation. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 17 (3-4): 277-289.

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Muasya, A.M. & Simpson*, D.A. (2004). Cyperus kituiensis (Cyperaceae), a new species from Kenya. Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 247-249.

Muasya, A.M. & Simpson*, D.A. (2005). Validation of Isolepis sect. Proliferae (Cyperaceae). Kew Bulletin 60 (1): 159.

Muller*, J.V. (2005). Ephemeral vegetation at shorelines of Sahelian seasonal lakes. Systematics and Geography of Plants 75: 239-257.

Muthoka, P.N., Probert*, R.J. & Coomber, S.A. (2003). Seed quality studies in the Kenyan shrub Millettia leucantha. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 135-149.

Mwachala, G. & Cheek*, M. (2003). Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. lukei (Malvaceae), a new subspecies from Kenya. Kew Bulletin 58 (2): 499-501.

Onana, J.M. & Cheek*, M. (2003). A new species of Dacryodes (Buseraceae) from Zambia. Kew Bulletin 58 (1): 219-224.

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Paton*, A. & Balkwill, K. (2001). Hemizygia stalmansii (Labiatae), a new species from Mpumalanga, South Africa and Swaziland. Kew Bulletin 56 (2): 491-496.

Pearman*, G. & Davis*, S. (2003). UK research into plant resources in tropical Africa. In Schmelzer, G.H. & Omino, E.A. (eds) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Proceedings of the First PROTA International Workshop, 23-25 September 2002, Nairobi, Kenya. Wageningen, The Netherlands: PROTA Foundation. 200-206.

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Phillips*, S.M., Namaganda, M. & Lye, K.A. (2003). 115 Ugandan grasses. Makerere Herbarium handbook no. 1 Kampala: Department of Botany, Makerere University. 308 pp.

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Polhill*, R.M. (2003). 100. Rothia Pers. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 64-66.

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Reeves*, G. (2001). Radiation and macroevolutionary ecology of the African genus Protea L. PhD Thesis. London: University of London. 135 pp.

Richardson*, J.E., Weitz, F.M., Fay*, M.F., Cronk, Q.C., Linder, H.P., Reeves*, G. & Chase*, M.W. (2001). Rapid and recent origin of species richness in the Cape flora of South Africa. Nature 412: 181-183.

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Sacandé*, M., Pritchard*, H.W. & Dudley, A.E. (2004). Germination and storage characteristics of Prunus africana seeds. New Forests 27: 239-250.

Sands*, M.J.S. (2001). The desert date and its relatives: a revision of the genus Balanites. Kew Bulletin 56 (1): 1-128.

Sands*, M.J.S. (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Balanitaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 14 pp.

Seal, A.J., Creeke, P.I., Mirghani, Z., Abdalla, F., McBurney*, R.P., Pratt, L.S., Brookes, D., Ruth, L.J. & Marchand, E. (2005). Iron and vitamin A deficiency in long-term african refugees Journal of Nutrition 135: 808-813.

Sebsebe Demissew, Cribb*, P.J. & Rasmussen, F. (2004). Field guide to Ethiopian orchids. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 pp.

Simpson*, D.A. & Muasya, A.M. (2004). Three new species of Cyperus (Cyperaceae) from Eastern and Southern Africa. Kew Bulletin 59 (4): 593-598.

Smith*, P.P. (ed.) (2001 [2002]). Ecological survey of Zambia: the traverse records of C.G. Trapnell 1932-43. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 3 volumes + 2 maps. vi, 698; vi, 658; 30 pp.

Smith*, P.P. & Allen, Q. (2004). Field guide to the trees and shrubs of the Miombo woodlands. Kew Field Guide. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 176 pp.

Smith*, P.P. & Fischer, R. (2001 [2002]). Chipya in Kasanka National Park, Zambia: floristics, soils and dynamics. In Robbrecht, E., Degreef, J. & Friis, I. (eds) Plant systematics and phytogeography for the understanding of African biodiversity. Proceedings of the XVI AETFAT Congress, held at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Aug. 28 - Sept. 2, 2000. Meise: National Botanic Garden (Belgium). Systematics and Geography of Plants, 71(2) special issue. 923-934.

Smith*, P.P. & van Wyk, E. (2003). The Millennium Seed Bank Project in South Africa. In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 233-241.

Smith*, S.A.L. & Stansbie, J. (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Alliaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 8 pp.

Tadesse, M. & Beentje*, H.J. (2004). A synopsis and new species of Emilia (Compositae-Senecioneae) in northeast tropical Africa. Kew Bulletin 59 (3): 469-482.

Tenner*, C. (2003). Working together to conserve the southern Africa’s botanical wealth: The Millennium Seed Bank Project in Southern Africa. Sabonet News 8 (1): 15-17.

Timberlake, J. & Paton*, A. (2001). Sabonet mid-term review. Sabonet News 6 (1): 5-13.

Verdcourt*, B. (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Polypodiaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 37 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Oleandraceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 16 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2001). The fruit of Sanrafaelia rufonammari Verdc. (Annonaceae). Kew Bulletin 56 (3): 755-757.

Verdcourt*, B. (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Myrtaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 89 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Pteridaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 29 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2002). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Adiantaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 67 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2003). 84. Antopetitia A. Rich. In Pope, G.V., Polhill*, R.M. & Martins, E.S. (eds) Flora Zambesiaca, volume 3, part 7. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 10-11.

Verdcourt*, B. (2003). A new species of Cyphostemma (Vitaceae) from Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 58 (2): 503-505.

Verdcourt*, B. (2003). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Woodsiaceae. Lisse: Balkema. 25 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2004). The variation of Sida rhombifolia L (Malvaceae) in East Africa. Kew Bulletin 59 (2): 233-239.

Verdcourt*, B. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Selaginellaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 24 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Isoetaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 8 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Lycopodiaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 19 pp.

Verdcourt*, B. (2005). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Ochnaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 60 pp.

Verdcourt*, B., Eilu, G. & Katende, A. (2002). (1535) Proposal to conserve the name Eugenia bukobensis Engl. (Myrtaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 51 (2): 389.

Vollesen*, K. (2002). Three new species of Blepharis (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 57 (2): 451-457.

Vollesen*, K. (2004). A 'new' Whitfieldia (Acanthaceae) from East Africa. Kew Bulletin 59 (1): 123-127.

Whitehouse, C., Verdcourt*, B., Cheek*, M. & Andrews*, S. (2001). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Tiliaceae and Muntingiaceae. Rotterdam: Balkema. 120 pp.

Wilkin*, P. (2001). Dioscoreaceae of South-Central Africa. Kew Bulletin 56 (2): 361-404.

Willis*, F., Moat*, J. & Paton*, A. (2003). Defining a role for herbarium data in Red List assessments: a case study of Plectranthus from eastern and southern tropical Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 (7): 1537-1552.

Annex material

Annex 1:  Field trips undertaken 2001–2005; Students trained at Kew on courses by Education Department (Word document)