Conventions and Policies

A meeting of the CITES Conference of the Parties

Introduction

The Kew collections, the breadth of horticultural, educational and scientific expertise of its staff, the extensive research base, and worldwide network, form a unique resource for the UK Government and our partners. This resource also carries responsibilities in the national and international policy arena. Government looks to Kew for advice in areas concerning access to, and the use and management of, plant resources - in all their different forms.  The partner countries that we work with expect Kew to operate best practice and take note of the priorities for conservation and sustainable use set in their laws and policies.  The international framework for these actions lies within the major United Nations environment conventions, and prime among these are the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). 

The Conventions and Policies Science Team concentrates on tracking the major conventions, identifying initiatives relevant to Kew and our partners, briefing Kew staff, advising government, and working to further refine the internal policies and procedures that allow Kew to fulfil its obligations in areas such as access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. An important aspect of our work is to develop tools which assist the UK and other countries with implementing these conventions – this is the key aim of our research.  The group is a small team concentrated in the Conventions and Policy Section (CAPS) of the Herbarium with strong links to HPE, the Seed Conservation Department, the Jodrell Laboratory, Defra, other European Union Member States, the European Commission and the Convention Secretariats. The mixture of legally trained and scientific staff in CAPS provides the core resource which links Kew with the international environmental policy community.

Kew influences and supports the positive development of these conventions in a number of ways including:

·        direct advice to government based on our scientific, horticultural, policy and practical expertise, for example our role as UK CITES Scientific Authority for Plants

·        direct advice to government based on our policy expertise in areas such as access to genetic resources and benefit sharing, for example input into CBD and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) negotiations

·        making the complex simple, or as simple as possible, for example by producing user-friendly guides on implementation of the Conventions such as our publications CITES and Plants and CBD for Botanists

·        training and advising Kew staff on key measures within CITES and CBD to ensure Kew works within the confines of these conventions

·        negotiating access and benefit-sharing agreements that are practical, promote best practice and support Kew science

·        ensuring that we are best placed to influence negotiations, by ensuring CAPS or other relevant staff are on UK Government delegations at major negotiations

·        ensuring that we are best placed to further key UK and EU international objectives, for example by having a CAPS staff member lead an EU CITES mission on Mahogany to Peru and represent the EU in the CITES Mahogany Working Group

·        working to develop our capacity building programme by providing national and international training on CITES and CBD

·        working with partners to further practical implementation of the Conventions, for example with South Africa on the production of a DNA Banking Manual and with a range of countries through the CITES Plants Committee

·        being a catalyst for CBD and CITES friendly research by supporting Kew staff in their development of Darwin Initiative and other projects

Background

Two conventions frame the work of this cross-departmental group: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). We do also keep a watching brief on other areas, in particular any relevant activities carried out under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Commission on Genetic Resources and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). However, it is the CBD and CITES which define our day-to-day work.

CITES

This convention was established in 1973 with the aim of regulating and monitoring, by a permit system, the international trade in plants and animals threatened, or potentially threatened in the wild by such trade. Today there are over 160 Parties to this UNEP-backed (United Nations Environment Programme) Convention. Within the European Union, CITES is implemented by the 25 member States through a series of Wildlife Trade Regulations that are stricter than the basic CITES controls. Each Party has a Management Authority (MA): a government department responsible for CITES policy issues and for administering and issuing permits. In the UK this is the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra). Each country should also have at least one Scientific Authority (SA). Kew is the UK SA for plants. The main tasks of the SA are:

·        to provide independent scientific advice to the UK MA on applications for CITES permits and on aspects of the European Union Regulations implementing CITES within member States

·        to undertake research into key plant groups affected, or that may become affected, by trade and CITES legislation

·        to work with and train enforcement officials on the inspection, holding and disposal of detained or seized CITES material

·        to represent the Scientific Authority at technical meetings including the CITES Plants Committee, Conference of the Parties and the Scientific Review Group of the European Union

CBD

This convention is both an international treaty – and thus a source of international law – and an institutional framework for the continual development of legal, policy and scientific initiatives on biological diversity. The CBD covers all components of biological diversity, from ecosystems and habitats, species and communities to genomes and genes, and it deals not only with the conservation of biological diversity in situ and ex situ, but also with its sustainable use and the sharing of benefits arising from its use. The entry into force of the CBD in December 1993 and its subsequent ratification by 188 Parties provides a new mandate for botanic gardens and presents them with both policy and practical implications. The UK is a Party to the CBD and Kew as a UK institution is expected to abide by the treaty’s principles and any national law related to its implementation. Kew plays a global role in plant conservation, taxonomy, education, training, sustainable use and access and benefit-sharing and thus contributes actively to the CBD’s goals and programmes such as the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) and the Global Taxonomy Initiative. Kew works in partnership with institutions and governments in many countries, and advises the UK Government on CBD policy and practice.

In 2001-2005, Kew’s international work in conservation and science involved collaborative fieldwork in over 50 countries, many of which are developing new laws since the CBD came into force. In order to ensure its use and exchange of material are in line with the CBD’s provisions and national laws, Kew has developed and updated its CBD implementation procedures to guide staff in their efforts to obtain fieldwork and export permits and permissions from the relevant authorities, and agree use and benefit-sharing with local partners. Kew’s partnerships are normally covered by written agreements that set out the scope of collaboration, use of material and benefit-sharing.  Standard exchange documents have been developed and revised for supply of material between institutions. Kew continues to be a centre of practical expertise on access and benefit-sharing and works actively with other botanical institutions worldwide to develop best practice and exchange ideas and experiences.

Kew has played a leading role in the development and implementation of the GSPC at international and national levels. Kew’s activities contribute significantly to the majority of the GSPC targets. At the international level, Kew has led the stakeholder consultation on Target 1, a list of known plant species, while the global achievement of Target 8 on ex situ conservation and recovery programmes provides the major focus for the Millennium Seed Bank. Kew has also organised a major GSPC workshop in East Africa (Target 15). At the national level, Kew is one of the key partners in the co-ordination and delivery of the Plant Diversity Challenge, the UK’s response to the GSPC. Kew’s contributions to the GSPC targets are delivered by many of the science teams and therefore they will not be discussed in further detail here.

Kew continues to provide advice and guidance to the UK Government and international community on other areas of the CBD, such as the work programmes on drylands biodiversity and mountain diversity, and the cross-cutting issues of technology transfer, invasive alien species and the Global Taxonomy Initiative.

The Development of the Conventions and Policy Section

CITES

The Conventions and Policy Section has its origins in the Kew Conservation Unit established in 1973 to gather the information required to brief governmental and major non-governmental decision makers. This was in response to a need identified during the negotiations to establish CITES. Kew was formally made CITES Scientific Authority in 1976 by the UK Government.

The development of the Section’s CITES expertise has hinged on the science base of Kew. We have used this expertise to provide independent high quality advice to policy makers in the UK Government, European Union and in the main CITES arena. To this is added the Section’s expertise on wildlife trade legislation, the knowledge gained in day-to-day practical implementation of the convention and our experience in capacity building. This combination of expertise puts Kew in a unique position. We are able to see where the Convention works and where it does not. We can therefore advise on policy and the practical implementation of that policy. This is critical to the long term development of the Convention.

Kew expertise has been widely used in the Convention in such areas as the revision of the criteria for listing species on CITES, the review of the CITES Appendices (to decide what species should be removed from control) and the identification of species that are significantly threatened by trade. As members of the UK delegation at meetings of the CITES Conferences of the Parties (CoP) and Technical Committees, CAPS staff are frequently asked to chair working groups or negotiate with other countries on behalf of the European Union. For example, at CoP 12 in Santiago, Chile in 2002, the Kew representatives on the UK delegation prepared the final European Union briefing and speaking notes on the listing of South American Mahogany which were then presented by the Danish Presidency and the UK Environment Minister Elliot Morley. At CoP 13 in Bangkok, Thailand in 2004, the Kew representatives on the UK delegation were the major contributors to the EU briefing and speaking notes for the plant agenda points. At the same meeting Elliot Morley formally launched two of the CITES User’s Guides.

CBD

In 1994, a consultant carried out a review of the implications for Kew of the CBD. During this work it became apparent that at least one full-time member of staff was needed to help Kew use its strengths to take the opportunities presented by the CBD and develop policies to avoid the risk of falling behind international best practice, as falling behind could inhibit Kew’s science in the future. The CBD Officer post and the CBD Unit was created in 1996 to:

·        contribute to the development and implementation of Kew’s CBD policies

·        provide advice to Defra and others on CBD implementation

·        influence international and national legislation and policy on access and benefit-sharing

·        develop Kew as a centre of expertise on the CBD through collaboration with other organisations

In the 1996 to 2000 period the CBD Unit, led by Kerry ten Kate, established the first internal policies and practices for implementing the CBD at Kew, established a series of agreements with our overseas partners, led in the international arena on access and benefit-sharing and became a key source of advice to the UK Government. A key project sponsored by the Department for International Development (DFID) at this time was the development of the Principles on Access to Genetic Resources and Common Policy Guidelines. Bringing together 28 botanic gardens from 21 countries, the project developed a harmonised approach for the participating gardens on access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits, including the development of model material transfer agreements and a guidance manual. Thus, the foundations of Kew’s response to the opportunities and responsibilities of the CBD were laid by Kerry ten Kate and her small team.

In the 2001 to 2005 period we have concentrated on building the framework for internal implementation of the CBD at Kew, putting in place practical mechanisms to facilitate access and benefit-sharing. The reorganisation of the Overseas Fieldwork Committee and the associated vetting procedures provides a practical mechanism for screening all fieldwork and ensures staff are properly briefed on permit requirements. Internal policies are refined on the basis of feedback from staff and partners. Some 60 agreements, covering 31 countries, are now in place and have been negotiated to meet the needs of Kew and our partners. The intranet CBD Staff Guide was designed and launched to facilitate staff understanding of CBD issues and how we implement the CBD on an institutional basis. In addition a comprehensive staff training programme on CITES, CBD and Plant Health was implemented and targeted key staff from all Kew departments, including Kew Enterprises. The CBD for Botanists was produced to provide a user guide for scientific institutions on the application of the CBD. In addition, Kew maintained an important bridgehead in the international arena with CAPS staff attending key meetings as a member of the UK delegation and linking with our overseas partners and colleagues from the international botanical garden and research community.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS (2001 - 2005)

KEY ELEMENTS OF FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (2001 - 2005)

Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Resources (2001-2005)

Reliable identification is key to successful implementation of Conventions such as CITES. International trade in medicinal plants is growing and this group is particularly hard to identify due to the trade in parts and derivatives. The development of a chemical fingerprinting procedure for the identification of the different species of ginseng in international trade has proved to be a useful tool.

The trade in animal parts and derivatives for traditional medicine is high profile and any methods that can reduce that trade are of great importance. To address this threat plants that could be used as substitutes for Tiger bone, Bear bile and Rhino horn were studied in the Jodrell Laboratory.

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2001-2005)

This five year period saw a heavy work load in briefing and supporting the UK Government and the European Union in international meetings, especially as this period included a UK Presidency of the 25 member European Union. Among the highlights, we supported the UK government as a member of the national and EU delegations at two meetings of the CBD Conference of the Parties, two CITES Conference of the Parties, four CBD Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice meetings, three meetings of the CBD Access and Benefit-Sharing Working Group, seventeen meetings of the EU CITES Scientific Review Group, ten meetings of the EU CITES Enforcement Working Group, and we led the UK delegation at five meetings of the CITES Plants Committee. The Head of CAPS is now the only individual to have attended all meetings of the CITES Plants Committee since its inception.

Key CBD issues where we supplied support for the UK government included initiatives on access and benefit-sharing, Drylands Programme of Work, Technology Transfer and Co-operation, Mountain Biodiversity Programme of Work, the Global Taxonomy Initiative and the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.

Supporting Kew research and partnerships we negotiated and agreed 55 agreements with 28 countries. We developed a range of new standard agreement documents and revised the Kew Access and Benefit-Sharing Policy. We also organised an Access and Benefit-Sharing workshop at the BGCI International Conservation Congress. To help inform the debate in the CBD arena we produced a case study on the practicality, feasibility and cost of certificates of origin for scientific research material for CBD Working Group on Access and Benefit-Sharing.

To ensure that all Kew staff are fully briefed on access requirements we integrated CAPS procedures in the Overseas Fieldwork Committee review of applications for overseas expeditions and travel. We also integrated CAPS procedures in the application for and implementation of Kew Darwin Initiative proposals. With HPE we established a Kew position on alien invasive species, helped establish the internal Alien Invasives Working Group, contributed to the UK Review of Non-Native Species Policy and the Defra Horticultural Code of Practice.

Capacity building at institutional, national and international level was a priority. We trained 453 CITES enforcement officers from the UK and abroad, 372 Kew staff across all departments on CBD, CITES and Plant Health procedures, and 487 higher education students on CITES and CBD. This makes over 1,300 individuals in total. In addition we had Mr Yu Yongfu from CITES China seconded to CAPS for a six month period to research trade and prepare training material to be used on his return to China. We also prepared CITES timber implementation and enforcement packs and distributed these to all UK ports of entry, and carried out training at key ports of entry.

We supported participation of an African delegate in the CITES Plants Committee, AETFAT meeting and the CITES CBD International Masters Course in Baeza, Spain and helped support a CITES training workshop in Poland. The establishment of a Memorandum of Understanding on capacity building with the CITES Secretariat help form a framework for our CITES capacity building work and ensured that we complemented work being done by the CITES Secretariat and other Parties. The preparation and publication of a DNA Banking Manual with South African partners – a Darwin Initiative project, helped set a template for this work in Africa.

FUTURE PLANS (2006 onwards)

Conservation and Environmental Monitoring (2006 onwards)

The success of the CITES User’s Guides and The CBD for Botanists has produced an international demand for Kew to carry out in situ training. We now have a Memorandum of Understanding with the CITES Secretariat on capacity building and since the production of the first Slide Pack we have carried out training in China, Chile, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Taiwan, Thailand and Sweden and have also contributed to a number of international training courses. We plan to continue our capacity building activities, moving to producing modules for inclusion in overseas training programmes. We also feel it is a good time to review the use of the internet in CITES training, although web access for enforcement officials remains limited or restricted in many countries.

Our trade research continues to target Defra, EU and CITES priorities while utilising Kew strengths. Since 2002 this has meant an increased emphasis on researching the timber trade and advising Defra on the most appropriate role for CITES in regulating the timber trade. This has combined research on the impact of international trade on certain species and the applicability of CITES with an assessment of the practicality of identification for enforcement purposes. Our work on this area will expand in the coming years, especially as the European Union plans to put in place a series of bilateral agreements with exporting countries in order to regulate the flow of timber imports.

We will seek to bring together our expertise on the convention, experience with CITES implementation, and the best of Kew science to develop practical solutions to the effective implementation of CITES for timber. We will work with the Jodrell Laboratory, outside consultants and enforcement agencies to explore the use of DNA forensic tests to identify CITES timbers in trade. We also plan to produce and publish two CITES User’s Guides (including a full colour manual CITES and Timbers) and two CITES Checklists. We will continue CITES and CBD capacity building at an institutional, national and international level, inter alia training 200 plus individuals per year.

The CBD for Botanists has proved to be a major success and is being used as a template for CBD training in institutions across the globe. It is now out of print. We therefore plan to prepare and publish a fully updated and revised version of CBD for Botanists.  Utilising available networks we will build co-operation with the British and Irish PlantNetwork, Botanic Gardens Conservation International and the International Plant Exchange Network.

Projects

CBD Advice to Government

CBD Capacity Building

CITES Capacity Building

CITES Checklists

CITES Trade Research

CITES-Listed Timbers

CITES: UK Scientific Authority

Significant Trade in CITES Plants

The CBD for Botanists

People

Herbarium

Chris Brodie, Kate Davis, Madeleine Groves, Phyllida Middlemiss, Noel McGough, Alan Paton, Rosemary Simpson, China Williams

HPE

Nigel Taylor

Jodrell Laboratory

Monique Simmonds

Seed Conservation Department

Clare Tenner-Trivedi

Partners

Brazil

Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro

Cameroon

Limbe Botanical and Zoological Gardens

Costa Rica

University of Costa Rica Lankester Botanic Garden

China

CITES Authorities

France

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)

Germany

Botanischer Garten der Universität Bonn

Bundesamt für Naturschutz

Italy

CITES Scientific Authority

University of Palermo

University of Perugia

European Union

Commission of the European Communities

25 Member States of the EU, CITES and CBD Authorities

Ghana

Aburi Botanic Gardens

Japan

United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies

Madagascar

CITES Authorities of Madagascar

Mexico

Jardín Botánico del Instituto de Biología (UNAM)

Peru

Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental

Spain

Cordoba Botanic Garden

International University of Andalucía

South Africa

South African National Biodiversity Institute

Switzerland

CITES Management Authority

Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich

Thailand

CITES Authorities

Forest Herbarium Bangkok

Turkey

CITES Authorities

The Netherlands

Rijksherbarium Leiden

UK

Botanic Gardens Conservation International

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)

Eden Project

Foreign and Commonwealth Office

HM Revenue and Customs

Joint Nature Conservation Committee

Natural History Museum

Partnership Against Wildlife Crime (PAW)

PlantLife

PlantNetwork

Royal Horticultural Society

The Police

Wildlife Link

USA

Atlanta Botanic Gardens

CITES Authorities

Fish and Wildlife Service

Missouri Botanical Garden

Smithsonian Institution

State University of New York, Stony Brook

Intergovernmental Organisations

CBD Secretariat

CITES Secretariat

CITES Plants Committee

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)

The World Conservation Union (IUCN)

United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

Other International Organisations

International Institute for Sustainable Development

International Plant Exchange Network

TRAFFIC International

WWF

Publications

Anderson, M., Findlay, F. & Tenner*, C. (2001). The Kyoto Protocol: verification falls into place. In Findlay, F. & Meier, O. (eds) Verification Yearbook 2001. London: The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre. 119-135.

Arx, B., von, Schlauer, J. & Groves*, M. (2001 [2002]). CITES carnivorous plant checklist: for the genera Dionaea, Nepenthes and Sarracenia. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 93 pp.

Cheyne*, P. (2003). Recent developments in biotechnology and intellectual property, access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. In Arora, D.K. (ed.) Handbook of fungal biotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 2nd edn.

Cheyne*, P. (2003). Access and benefit-sharing agreements: bridging the gap between scientific partnerships and The Convention on Biological Diversity In Smith*, R.D., Dickie*, J.B., Linington*, S.H., Pritchard*, H.W. & Probert*, R.J. (eds) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 5-26.

Crane*, P. (2005). Caring and sharing: engaging with International Biodiversity Policy. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 80 (1): 1.

Crane*, P.R. (2005). Ethical importing of tree ferns. The Garden 130 (1): 62-63.

Davis*, K. (2004). Uses, benefits, tracking and trade-offs - a botanical collections perspective., November 2005. [Online] Record of Discussion, International Expert Workshop on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, Cuernavaca, Mexico, October 24-27, 2004. Available at www.canmexworkshop.com/documents/papers/IV.1d.4.pdf

Davis*, K. (2005). Tracing terms and drawing lines: a view from biodiversity research collections., November 2005. Record of Discussion, International Expert Workshop on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, Cape Town, South Africa, September 20-23, 2005. Available at www.norsafworkshop.com/Media/Uploads/434a200437549.pdf

Davis*, K., Middlemiss, P., Paton*, A. & Tenner*, C. (2004). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Herbarium and Seed Bank. Case study contribution. In Tobin, B., Cunningham, D. & Watanbe, K. (eds) The feasibility, practicality and cost of a certificate of origin system for genetic resources: preliminary results of comparative analysis of tracking material in biological resource centres and of proposals for a certificate scheme. CBD information document UNEP/CBD/WG-ABS/3/INF/5, excerpted in CBD official document UNEP/CBD/WG-ABS/3/5.

De Keyser*, E. & Jamieson*, A. (2001). Working towards a mutually beneficial botanic garden/university relationship. In Sutherland, L.A., Abraham, T.K. & Thomas, J. (eds) The power for change: botanic gardens as centres of excellence in education for sustainability. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Education in Botanic Gardens, 8-12 November 1999, hosted by the Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala, India. Kew: Botanic Garden Conservation International. 229-232.

Groves*, M. (2005). Plant Identification. In Defra (ed.) Wildlife Crime: A guide to the use of forensic and specialist techniques in the investigation of wildlife crime. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Vol. 2005: 40-43.

Groves*, M. (2005). Additional Guidance Note for Timber importers and traders. Guidance Note 15, November 2005. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Available at http://www.ukcites.gov.uk/license/default.htm

Groves*, M. (2005). Can I see some identification? Magistrate 61 (4): 108-109.

Halfacree, A. & Ellison*, J. (2001). Education for sustainable development. Education in Science 193: 14-15.

Laird, S. & Ten Kate*, K. (2002). Biodiversity prospecting and forest conservation: has it lived up to its promise? In Pagiola, S., Bishop, J. & Landell-Mills, N. (eds) Selling forest environmental services: Market based mechanisms for conservation. London: Earthscan.

Laird, S. & Ten Kate*, K. (2002). Biodiversity prospecting: the commercial use of genetic resources and best practice in benefit-sharing. In Laird, S. (ed.) Biodiversity and traditional knowledge: equitable partnerships in practice. London: Earthscan. 241-286.

Latorre García*, F. (2005). Review of the Experience of Implementation by UK Stakeholders of Access and Benefit Sharing Arrangements under the Convention on Biological Diversity. London: Department of the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. 84 pp.

Latorre Garcia*, F., Williams*, C., Ten Kate*, K. & Cheyne*, P. (2001). Results of the pilot project for Botanical Gardens: principles of access to genetic resources and benefit sharing. Common policy guidelines to assist with their implementation and explanatory text. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xv, 83 pp.

Maunder*, M., Clubbe*, C., Hankamer*, C. & Groves*, M. (eds) (2002). Plant conservation in the tropics: perspectives and practice. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 628 pp.

McGough*, H.N. (2002). Botanic Gardens and CITES. CITES World 9: 5-6.

McGough*, H.N. (2004). Target 11: Protecting species from international trade. In Anon (ed.) Plant Diversity Challenge - The UK's response to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Peterborough, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 34-35.

McGough*, H.N., Groves*, M., Mustard*, M. & Brodie*, C. (2004). CITES and plants: a user's guide. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 254 + CD-ROM pp.

McGough*, H.N., Groves*, M., Mustard*, M., Sajeva, M. & Brodie*, C. (2004). CITES and succulents. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 188 + CD-ROM pp.

Meier, O. & Tenner*, C. (2001). Non-governmental monitoring of international agreements. In Findlay, F. & Meier, O. (eds) Verification Yearbook 2001. London: The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre. 207-227.

Owens*, S.J., Prior*, A. & Fuscone, R. (2003). Legal and intellectual property issues. In Scoble, M.J. (ed.) ENHSIN the European Natural History Specimen Information Network. London: Natural History Museum. 86-101.

Pollard*, B.J., Tenner*, C.A., Utteridge*, T.M.A. & Van Slageren*, M. (2003). Status and trends of, and threats to, mountain biodiversity, marine, coastal and inland water ecosystems. CBD Technical Series, no. 8 Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 127 pp.

Prance*, G.T. (2002). Species survival and carbon retention in commercially exploited tropical rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 360: 1777-1785.

Prance*, G.T., Brown, S., Hanbury-Tenison, R., Myers, N. & Swingland, I.R. (2002). Changes in the use and management of forests for abating carbon emissions: issues and challenges under the Kyoto Protocol. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 360: 1593-1605.

Ten Kate*, K. (2002). Science and the convention on biological diversity. Science 295 (5564): 2371-2372.

Ten Kate*, K. (2002). Access and benefit sharing. Taiga News (1):

Ten Kate*, K. & Wells*, A. (2001). Preparing a national strategy on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing: a pilot study. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 74 pp.

Tenner*, C. (2004). The Millennium Seed Bank: the value of international partnerships. In Willis, C.K. (ed.) African botanic gardens congress: Partners and Linkages. Proceedings of a Congress held at Durban Botanic Gardens, South Africa. 24-29 November 2002. Southern African Biodiversity Network Report 22. Pretoria: SABONET. 16-18.

Wells*, A. & Ten Kate*, K. (2001). Bolivia's strategy on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing: the development of a genetic resources component for the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (ENCB): a case study. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 55 pp.

Whiting, S.N., Reeves, R.D., Richards, D., Johnson, M.S., Cooke, J.A., Malaisse, F., Paton*, A., Smith, J.A.C., Angle, J.S., Chaney, R.L., Ginocchio, R., Jaffré, T., Johns*, R., McIntyre, T., Purvis, O.W., Salt, D.E., Schat, H., Zhao, F.J. & Baker, A.J.M. (2004). Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation. Restoration Ecology 12 (1): 106-116.

Williams*, C. (2001). The principles on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing: a pilot project for botanic gardens. Botanic Gardens Conservation News 3 (7): 32-34.

Williams*, C., Davis*, K. & Cheyne*, P. (2003). The CBD for botanists. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Darwin Initiative. 94 + CD-ROM pp.

Annex material