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Xanthium
L., Sp. Pl. : 987 (1753).
Xanthium L. sect. Acanthoxanthium DC., Prodr. 5: 523
(1836). Type: not cited. [Note: Frequently Millspaugh & Sherff (1918) are
cited as having selected the lectotype as Xanthium
spinosum L., but no such statement was made by them.]
Xanthium L. sect. II.
Akanthoplium Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/241 (1844), nom. illegit.
superfl., based on Xanthium sect. Acanthoxanthium DC.
Acanthoxanthium
(DC.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ser. 2, 17: 110 (1869). Type: Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr. = Xanthium spinosum L.
Lectotype (selected by Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon.,
ser. 2, 17: 110 (1869)): Xanthium
strumarium L.
References
Bel, J. (1893). Anomalie ou varit du Xanthium spinosum (X. spinosum var. inerme). Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 11: 481482.
Cronquist, A. (1994). Xanthium. In: A. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren, Intermountain Flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U. S. A. Vol. 5. Asterales. New York Botanical Garden, New York. pp. 6465.
Lve, D. (1975). The genus Acanthoxanthium (DC.) Fourr. revived. Lagascalia 5: 5571.
L ve, D. & P. Dansereau. (1959). Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 173208.
Millspaugh, C. F. & E. E. Sherff. (1918). New species of Xanthium and Solidago. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(1): 17, plates IVI.
Millspaugh, C. F. & E. E. Sherff. (1919). Revision
of the North American species of Xanthium.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(2): 954, plates
Parodi, L. R. (1927). El nombre especfico del abrojoí¸™í³”
y las especies argentinas del gnero Xanthiumé“”. Physis 8(No. 31): 468480.
Robinson, H. (2006). Xanthium. In: G. Harling & L. Andersson (eds), Flora of Ecuador, No. 77(1): 190(6). Compositae-Heliantheae, Part 1: Introduction, genera MZ. Botanical Institute, Gteborg University, G teborg & Section for Botany, Riksmuseum, Stockholm. pp. 218222.
Wallroth, F. W. (1844). Monographischer Versuch ber
die Gew chs-Gattung Xanthium Diosc.
In: Beitrge zur Botanik. Eine Sammlung monographischer Abhandlungen ber
besonders schwierige Gewchs-Gattungen der Flora Deutschland von Dr. Friedr.
Wilh. Wallroth. Hofmeister, Leipzig. Hefte 2. [125]-252 [Xanthium 219íŸ™í¶–244]. [Note: this work presented a numbered synoptic
treatment, which included diagnoses of Wallroths new species, followed by an in expanso treatment of the taxa. In
several instances different names were provided in the latter, or the species
number changed. Wallroth cited Xanthium
Diosc. rather than ascribing the genus to Linnaeus, and incorrectly used the
rank of tribe beneath the sectional division of the genus.]
Widder, F. J. (1923). Die Arten der Gattung Xanthium. Beitrge zu einer Monographie.
Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 1222.
Widder, F. J. (1925). bersicht ber die bisher in Europa beobachteten Xanthium-Arten und Bastarde. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(820): 273305
Widder, F. J. (1964). Die Ver nderlichkeit von Xanthium spinosum. Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 6982.
Note: Cronquist (1994: 6465) accepted a broad species concept long before Lves works on the genus, although still accepting 3 spp. in the genus. The southern South American species, X. ambrosioides Hook. & Arn., is included within a slightly broader concept of X. spinosum given in this checklist below. If considered as a separate entity it is easy to separate out; it is not present in Bolivia, but rather an endemic of Argentina (Patagonia).
Note: Names of hybrids have been omitted from the following
list, and only one name could not be traced X. spinosum L. í¸‰í¶‘forma acutifolium D. N. Christiansen 1929: 70,
a name cited by Widder (1964: 76) as a synonym of X. spinosum L. var. laciniatum
(Scheuerm. & Thell. ex Widder) Widder.
Key to species
Petiole
subtended by an axillary 3-fid spine; leaves narrowly rhomboid, discolorous,
whitish beneath; bur beakless or with 1 beakX. spinosum
Plants
spineless; leaves triangular, base cordate, concolorous; bur with 2 beaksX.
strumarium
Xanthium
acerosum Greene, Pittonia 4: 63 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
acutilobum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(1): 6 (1918) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
Xanthium
acutum Greene, Pittonia 4: 62 (1899) = Xanthium
strumarium L.
Xanthium
affine Greene, Pittonia 4: 60 (1899) = Xanthium
strumarium L.
Xanthium albinum (Widder) Scholz & Sukopp, Verh. Bot. Vereins Brandenb. 98-100: 47 (1960), nom. nov. = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium albinum (Widder) H. Scholz ssp. ripicola (Holub) J. Dostal, Folia Mus. Rer. Nat. Bohem. Occid., Bot., 21: 12 (1984) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
ambrosioides Hook. & Arn., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3(No. 22): 310 (1841) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
americanum Walt., Fl. Carol. : 231 (1788) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
antiquorum Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 229 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
arcuatum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(1):
4 (1918) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
arenarium Lasch, Bot. Zeit. 14: 411 (1856) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
aridum St.John, Northw. Sci. 2(3): 93, fig. 4 (1928) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
armatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 242 (1844) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
artemisioides (Willd.) Delpino, Studi Lign. Anem. Comp. Artem. : 18 (1871)
= Ambrosia arborescens Mill.
Xanthium
australe Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.,
4(2): 37 (1919) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
Xanthium
barcinonense Sennen, Bull. Gogr. Bot. 24 (Nos. 295-297): 224 (1914) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
brasilicum Vell., Fl. Flum. Icones 10: tab. 23 (1831) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium brevirostre Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/235 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
bubalocarpon Bush, Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 123 (1906) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
californicum Greene, Pittonia 4: 62 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium calvum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser., 4: 35 (1919) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium campestre Greene, Pittonia 4: 61 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
canadense Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, No. 2 (1768) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
canescens (Costa) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 121
(1923) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
catharticum Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 4 (ed.
folio): 216 (1818) = Xanthium spinosum
L.
Xanthium
cavanillesii Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 12: 357 (1849) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
cenchroides Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(2)
: 30 (1918) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
chasei Fernald, Rhodora 48: 66 (1946) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
chinense Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 4 (1768) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
chinense Mill. var. globuliforme
C. Shull, Bot. Gaz. 83: 385 (1927) = Xanthium
strumarium L.
Xanthium cloessplateaum D. Z. Ma, Acta Bot. Bor.-Occid. Sin. 11(4): 346 (1991) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
commune Britton, Man. Fl. North. States Canad.: 912 (1901) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium cordifolium Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 380 (1812) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
crassifolium Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser.
4(1): 5 (1818) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
Xanthium cuneatum Moench, Meth. Suppl. : 300 (1802) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
curvescens Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(2): 25 (1919) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
Xanthium
cylindricum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(1): 4 (1918) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
Xanthium
decalvatum Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 72
(1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
discolor Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 232 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium echinatum Murray var. cavanillesii (Schouw) O. Bol s & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988] = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium echinatum Murray ssp. italicum (Moretti) O. Bols & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988] = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium echinatum Murray var. italicum (Moretti) O. Bol s & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988] = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
fruticosum L.f., Suppl. Pl. : 418 (1782), based on Ambrosia arborescens Mill. = Ambrosia
arborescens Mill.
Xanthium
fuscescens Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. fasc. 1: 36 (1866) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
glabratum Britton, Man. Fl. North. States Canad. : 912 (1901) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
glanduliferum Greene, Pittonia 4: 61 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
globosum C. Shull, Bot. Gaz. 59: 482 (1915) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
homothalamum Spreng., Neue Entdeck. 1: 259 (1819 or before Aug. 1820) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium inaequilaterum DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (1836) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium indicum DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (1836) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
inflexum Mack. & Bush, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1905, 106 (1905) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
italicum Moretti, Diar. Phys. Chem. Hist. Nat. 5: 8 (1822); De quibusdam
plantis Italiae, Decas Quinta : 8 (1822) = Xanthium
strumarium L.
Xanthium
italicum Moretti var. albinum
Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 105 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
japonicum Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 31 (1923)
= Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
leptocarpum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago, Bot.
Ser. 4: 3 (1918) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
Xanthium
longirostre Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 237 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
macounii Britton, Man. Fl. North. States Canad. : 913. (1901) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
macrocarpum DC., Fl. France, Suppl. [5], 6: 356 (1815) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium macrocarpum
DC. [var.] b
glabratum DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (836),
nom. illegit. pro X. americanum Walt.
& X. canadense Mill. = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium macrocarpum DC. var. laciniatum Pouzolz, Fl. Dp. Gard 2(1): 2, tab. 6 (1857) = Xanthium strunarium L.
Xanthium maculatum Raf.,
Amer. Monthly Mag. : 344 (1818); Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 1(1): 151 (1819) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
medium Nossotovsky, Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago [Bull. Jard. Imp.
Bot. Pierre le Grand] 14(46): 454 (1914) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
mongolicum Kitag., Rep. First Sc. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. 4, 4: (Index Fl.
Jehol.): 97 (1936) = Xanthium strumarium
L.
[Xanthium monoicum Gilib., Fl. Lituan. Inch. 1: 170 (1782), opera utique oppressa = Xanthium strumarium L.]
Xanthium
multifidum Larranaga, Escritos Damaso Antonio Larranaga 1: 28, l m. 117
(1922) [Pub. Inst. Hist. Geog. Urug.], nom. illegit., inval. = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
natalense Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 51: 274 (1937) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
nigri Ces., Pass. & Gibelli, Comp. Fl. Ital. : 437 (1877) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
occidentale Bertol., Lucubr. re Herb. : 38 (1822), nom. illegit., superfl.
= Xanthium strumarium L.
*Xanthium
orientale L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 2: 1400 (1763) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium orientale L. var. albinum (Widder) Adema & M. T. Jansen, Gorteria 9(9): 302 (1979) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium orientale L. forma laciniatum (Pouzolz) Thell. ex Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 80 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium orientale L. var. riparium (Itzigs. & Hertsch) Adema & M. T. Jansen, Gorteria, 9(9): 303 (1979) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
oviforme Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 240 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
palustre Greene, Pittonia 4: 63 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium parvifolium
DC., Prodr. 5: 524 (1836) = Xanthium
spinosum L.
Xanthium
pennsylvanicum Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 54 (1918), nom. illegit. =
Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium pensylvanicum
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 240 (Aug. 1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
pungens Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 227 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium pungens Wallr. var. cylindricum (Millsp. & Sherff) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 167 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
pungens Wallr. var. denudatum
Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 69 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
pungens Wallr. var. globosum
(Shull) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 166 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
riparium Itzigs. & Hertsch, Bot. Zeit. 12: 34 (1854) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
riparium Lasche, Bot. Zeit. 14: 412 (1856), nom. illegit. = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
ripicola J. Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax., 11(1): 83 (1976), nom. nov. pro
X. riparium Lasche = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
roxburghii Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 233 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
saccharatum Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228 (1844) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
saccharatum Wallr. ssp. aciculare
Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(820): 286 (1925) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
saccharatum Wallr. ssp. commune
(Britton) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(820): 286 (1925) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
sibiricum Patrin ex Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20:
32 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
sibiricum Patrin ex Widder var. subinerme
(C. Winkler) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 34, 36 = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
silphi[i]folium Greene, Pittonia, 4: 60 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
speciosum Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot Club 24(12): 574 (1897) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
sphaerocephalum Salzm. ex Ball, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 503 (1878), nom.
nud. pro syn. = Xanthium strumarium
L.
*Xanthium
spinosum L., Sp. Pl. : 987 (1753). Type: Habitat in Lusitania. 0. Lectotype (selected by
Wijnands, Bot. Commelins : 87, 1983): Herb. Linn. No. 1113.3 (LINN).
Xanthium catharticum
Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 4 (ed. folio): 216
(1818). Type: [Ecuador:] Crescit in Regno Quitensi, prope Chillo et Quito,
alt. 1315 hex. 0
Floret Martio. [Humboldt & Bonpland
Bonpl. mss. n. 3006. Quito]. Holotype: P-Bonpl.
Xanthium spinosum
L. [var.] b
brachyacanthum DC., Prodr. 5: 523
(1836). Type: In specimine Brasiliano midi obvio ex comp. Bras. . 867, spinae
mult breviores qu m in Europaeis. ... (v.s. in h. Mus. reg. Par.). Holotype:
P; isotype: G-DC.
Xanthium parvifolium
DC., Prodr. 5: 524 (1836). Type:
? Patr. ign. verisim. Amer. austr. ... (v.s. comm. ab am. Delessert.).
Holotype: G-DC.
Xanthium ambrosioides
Hook. & Arn., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3(No. 22): 310 (1841). Types: Los Caldanes,
Province of Cordova; Dr. Gillies [96].
Buenos Ayres; Tweedie [see note].
Syntypes: K. Note: There is one sheet in K with several collections mounted on
it. The Beechey and Chamisso collections are from California
in North America and in addition there is one collection by Gillies and two Tweedie collections. One of these is labelled and unnumbered, and
likened to Gillies 96, the other
unlabelled and numbered on the sheet as 738. Both the Tweedie collections originated from Buenos Ayres.
Xanthium armatum
Humb. ex Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/242 (1844), nom. illegit.
Xanthium xanthocarpon
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 229/241 (1844). Type: X. spinosum Beyrich in herb. amiciss. Sporleder./In den vereinigten
Staaten und namentlich in Virginien auf freien Feldern zwischen Staunton und
Charlotteville von Beyrich im Monat
September fruchttragend entdeckt. Holotype: ? Note: In Wallroths earlier key
this species was numbered 20 in his listing, not 17 as it appeared later in the
fuller description and discussion.
Xanthium
eriocarpon Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 242 (1844). Type: Xanthium ambrosioides Hook. et Lindl. in
lit./ Das von W. Arnott in dem Herbar. general. berol. niedergelegte Exemplar
scheint aus Sd-Amerika zu stammen. Holotype: B.
Xanthium spinosum
L. var. inerme Bel, Rev. Bot. Bull.
Mens. 11: 481 (1893). Type: Au mois dao t dernier [1892], nous avons trouv
sur les bords du Tarn une vari t tout fait inerme qui a attir notre
attention. Nous en avons envoy des grains plusieurs jardins botanique de
France et, nous-m me, nous avons fait un semis considrable. [Bel, s.n.] Holotype: ?
Xanthium spinosum
L. var. canescens Costa, Introd. Fl.
Catalu a : 160 (1864). Type: Hab. ad oras fl Bess pr. Badalona. Holotype: BC
or possibly LE (Herbarium Catalonicum).
Acanthoxanthium
spinosum (L.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ser. 2, 17: 110 (1869).
Xanthium medium Nossotovsky, Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago [Bull. Jard. Imp. Bot. Pierre le Grand] 14(46): 454 (1914). Type: ó’–‘Lauteur [A. Nossotovsky] a decouvert dans le rgion du Don (Stanitza Gnilovskaia pr s de Rostov) une remarquable espce du genre Xanthium ... Holotype: LE.
Xanthium multifidum
Larranaga, Escritos Damaso Antonio Larra aga, 1: 28, pl. 117 (1922) [Pub. Inst.
Hist. Geog. Urug.]; cf. Gray Herb. Card Cat., Issue 123. Note: This reference
is provided in the major databases, yet there is no p. 28 in vol. 1 of
Larranagas work. Lm. CXVII is a poor
sketch (unnamed á – the name only appearing in the Explicacin at the end of the
first volume) of what is undoubtedly of Xanthium
spinosum. Since it has no dissections, this can only be considered nom.
illegit., inval.
Xanthium canescens (Costa) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 121 (1923).
Xanthium spinosum
L. forma laciniatum Scheuerm. &
Thell. ex Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 135 (1923).
Type: ó‘’‘Hannover, auf den Kartoffelfeldern bei Dhren in inzelnen Exemplaren,
mit Wolle vor bergehend eingeschleppt, 10.9.1913, R. Scheuermann. Holotype: GZU.
Xanthium spinosum
L. var. pseudinerme Widder, Physis
8(No. 31): 480 (1927). Type: [Argentina:] Buenos Aires: Pueyrredn (F. C. C.
A.), leg. A. Burkart no
393, 12-IV-26 (Herb. L. R. Parodi
no 7188) ejemplar tipo, det. F. J. Widder.
Syntypes: ?GZU.
Xanthium spinosum L. forma praecocius Bitter ex Widder, Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 75 (1964). Type: Da mir das Original selbst nicht zug nglich war, kann wohl dessen photographische Wiedergabe in Bitter 1908: tab. 9, fig. 1 vorlufig als Lectotypus anerkannt werden.
Xanthium spinosum
L. var. synacanthum Widder, Phyton
(Horn) 11(1 & 2): 77 (1964). Type: [Britain:] ê¨…í²‘Cabbage field, Charlton,
Worcs, V.-c. 37, 15.8.1955, C.W. Bannister,
wool advent. fl. of Brit. distrib. by J. E. Lousley
No. W/92. Holotype: originally Herb. Lousley,
now in RDG.
Xanthium spinosum L. var. laciniatum (Scheuerm. & Thell. ex Widder) Widder, Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 76 (1964).
Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr. ssp. catharticum (Kunth) D. Lve, Lagascalia 5(1): 64 (1975).
Acanthoxanthium ambrosioides (Hook. & Arn.) D. L ve, Lagascalia 5(1): 66 (1975).
Argentina, Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay,
USA. Widespread as a weed in many tropical and temperate countries, especially
in south and central Europe (but a casual further north - Denmark, England,
France), Eastern Africa, Mascarenes, South Africa, Turkey.
Xanthium
spinosum L. [var.] b brachyacanthum
DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (1836) = Xanthium
spinosum L.
Xanthium
spinosum L. var. canescens Costa,
Introd. Fl. Catalua : 160 (1864) = Xanthium
spinosum L.
Xanthium
spinosum L. var. inerme Bel, Rev.
Bot. 11: 481 (1893) = Xanthium spinosum
L.
Xanthium spinosum
L. var. laciniatum (Scheuerm. &
Thell.) Widder, Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 76 (1964) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
spinosum L. forma laciniatum
Scheuerm. & Thell. ex Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 135
(1923) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
spinosum L. forma praecocius
Bitter ex Widder, Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 75 (1964) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
spinosum L. var. pseudinerme
Widder, Physis 8(No. 31): 480 (1927) = Xanthium
spinosum L.
Xanthium
spinosum L. var. synacanthum
Widder, Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 77 (1964) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium
strumarium L., Sp. Pl. : 987 (1753). Type: Habitat in Europa, Canada,
Virginia, Jamaica, Zeylona, Japonia. 0.
Lectotype (selected by Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 164: 39, 1989): Herb. Linn. No.
1113.1 (LINN).
*Xanthium orientale L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1400 (1763). Type: ñ‘’‘Habitat in China, Japonia, Zeylona. Lectotype (selected by Jeanmonod in Gamisans & Jeanmonod, Compl. Prodr. Fl. Corse, Asteraceae I: 190, 1998): Herb. Linn. No. 1113.2 (LINN). Note: because this material is immature Wisskirchen in Jarvis & Turland (1998: 369) selected an epitype: Wisskirchen 230 (BM-000576318); isoepitype: BOCH.
Xanthium canadense Mill.,
Gard. Dict., ed. 8, No. 2 (1768). Type: The second sort grows naturally in
North America.
Xanthium chinense Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 4 (1768). Type: The fourth sort grows naturally in China, from whence I have often received the seeds;
[Xanthium monoicum
Gilib., Fl. Lituan. Inch. 1: 170 (1782) opera utique oppressa].
Xanthium
americanum Walt., Fl. Carol. : 231 (1788). Type: not cited.
Xanthium cuneatum Moench, Meth. Suppl. 300 (1802), nom. illegit. superfl. pro X. orientale L.
Xanthium cordifolium Stokes, Bot. Mat.
Med. 4: 380 (1812). Type: Specimen gathered in Soles Garden.
Xanthium macrocarpum DC., Fl. France,
Suppl. [5], 6: 356 (1815). Type: Elle a t trouve dans les vignes
du bas Languedoc, par Mademoiselle Lucie Dunal. Holotype: ?G.
Xanthium
homothalamum Spreng., Neue Entdeck. 1: 259 (1819 or before Aug. 1820).
Type: é’‘Habitat in Brasilia, unde Mertensius adlatam largitus est. Sprengel
noted Licet haut perfecta huius plantae exemplaria investigare potuerim
suggesting that he had poor material available. Holotype: ?
Xanthium
maculatum Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. : 344 (1818); Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 1(1):
151 (1819), nom. nud.
Xanthium italicum Moretti, Diar. Phys. Chem. Hist. Nat. 5: 8 (1822); De quibusdam plantis Italiae, Decas Quinta : 8 (1822). Types: Habitat in multis Italiae locis: illam inveni prope mare in regione Porto di Fermo, eamque abuntissimam secus decursum fluminis Padi a viciniis Augustae Taurinorum Ticinum usque perspexi. Syntypes: ?
Xanthium occidentale Bertol., Lucubr. re Herb. : 38 (1822), nom. illegit. superfl. pro X. orientale L.
Xanthium brasilicum Vell., Fl. Flum. Icones 10: tab. 23 (1831). Type: not cited. [Note: name is valid as it is accompanied by a diagnostic dissection].
Xanthium macrocarpum DC. [var.] b glabratum DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (1836), nom. illegit. incl. X. americanum Walt. & X. canadense Mill.
Xanthium indicum DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (1836). Types: in gypto (Coqueb.!), in ruderatis Indiae orientalis frequens, verisim. etiam in Chin . ... X. Indicum Wall.! cat. et herb. n. 291. Wight herb. ... (v. s.). Syntypes: G-DC. Note: Apart from the Coquebert collection, there are two duplicates of the Wallich 291 material, together with one unlabelled speciment, and one without an obvious collector.
Xanthium inaequilaterum DC., Prodr. 5: 523 (1836). Type: in ruderatis ins. Javae prope Buitenzorg legit cl. Blume. ... (v.s. comm. cl. invent.). Holotype: G-DC.
Xanthium
strumarium L. var. canadense
(Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 294 (1841-43).
Xanthium priscorum
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 227 (Aug. 1844). Type: not cited, but the same as in Xanthium antiquorum Wallr., which was
simultaneously published in the same work Note: in WallrothÒ’s account this
later appeared as Xanthium antiquorum
Wallr. (1844: 229), q.v.
Xanthium abyssinicum Wallr.,
Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 227/230 (Aug. 1844). Type: Xanthium strumarium Schimp. it. abyss. II. n. 1343./Auf den
Sorgho-Feldern Abyssiniens von Schimper
d. 19. Juli. 1838 entdeckt. (Herb. amic. Lucae.)
Xanthium pungens
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 227/231 (Aug. 1844). Type: not cited.
Xanthium discolor
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/232 (Aug. 1844). Type: Xanthium indicum Wallich. herb. indic. (1824.) n. 3181. A. in
herbar. gener. berolin., Holotype: B
Xanthium roxburghii
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/233 (Aug. 1844). Type: Xanthium strumarium Willd. herb. n. 17469. fol 6. In Ost-Indien. Roxburgh. Holotype: B
Xanthium brevirostre Wallr.,
Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/235 (Aug. 1844). Types?: Xanthium indicum herb. Wight.
n. 1446 [In Ostindien. Wight.
(Herbar. gener. berol.)], . var. cordata
pl. Wallich. n. 3181. Syntypes: ?B.
Isosyntype: Wallich 3181, K-W.
Xanthium
pensylvanicum Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/236 (Aug. 1844). Types: a
glandulosum Xanthium strumarium Beyrich
in Herb. amic. Sporleder. von Beyrich auf unfruchtbaren Pltzen bei Ashville
(1833) h ufig; b Xanthium
occidentale Poepp. fl. pensylv. von Poeppig
auf feuchten Wiesen in Pensylvanien im Monat September 1824 entdeckt. The two
varieties were described at the same time without reference as to which was
typical.
Xanthium
longirostre Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/237 (Aug. 1844).
Types: Xanthium macrocarpum C.
Ehrenb. n. 195. In Westindien auf St. Thomas und auch auf Haiti von C.
Ehrenberg gesammelt (herb. gener. berolin.), und vermuthlich frher schon auf
St. Domingo von Bertero entdeckt. Syntypes: B.
Xanthium saccharatum
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/238 (Aug. 1844). Type: Xanthium macrocarpum Berlandier n. 1865.
Xanthium oviforme
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 228/240 (Aug. 1844). Type: á’‘Xanthium canadense Hook. in litt. (herb. general berol.), nec
Herm., Mill. et Linn./ Angeblich in Nordamerica und vermutlich in Canada.
Holotype: B; isotype: K.
Xanthium antiquorum
Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 229 (1844). Types: Kotsch. iter. nubic. n. 319., Ehrenb.
fl. dalmat. cent. VIII. n. 83./Xanthium
Dioscoridis Gundelsh. in herb. general. berol. /An den Ufern des Nils, z.
B. bei Chartun in der Provinz Sennaaroder des Tigris. Im Monat Mai mit reifen
Frchten; auch in Dalmatien, z. B. bei Castel nuovo von Ehrenberg gefunden und vermuthlich im Orient ziemlich
verbreitet.
Xanthium cavanillesii
Schouw, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Ser. 3, 12: 357 (1849). Type: Buenos-Ayres.
Didrichsen. [ex Index seminum horti academici Hauniensisâ‘’.]
Xanthium
riparium Itzigs. & Hertsch, Bot. Zeit. 12: 34 (1854), nom. illegit.
superfl. pro X. macrocarpon DC.
Xanthium
arenarium Lasche, Bot. Zeit. 14: 411 (1856). Type: not cited, nor for the four
unranked named infraspecific taxa.
Xanthium
riparium Lasche, Bot. Zeit. 14: 412 (1856). Type: not cited,
nor for the four unranked named infraspecific taxa.
Xanthium
macrocarpum DC. var. laciniatum
Pouzolz, Fl. Dp. Gard 2(1): 2, tab. 6 (1862). Type: Le var. B,
rare dans les vignes, Manduel. Holotype: ?
Xanthium strumarium L. var. arenarium (Lasch) Uechtritz, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 34: 210 (1862).
Xanthium fuscescens Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. fasc. 1: 36 (1866). Type: Hab. in arenosis subhumidis Corsicae; Biguglia prope Bastia, ex dom. E. Revelire.
Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2, 17: 110 (1869).
Xanthium nigri
Ces., Pass. & Gibelli, Comp. Fl. Ital. : 437 (1877). Type: è’‘Raccolto alle
paludi delle Apertole nel Vercellese dal Sig.
Avv. F. Negri. Settembre 1869. Holotype: ?
Xanthium
sphaerocephalum Salzm. ex Ball, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 503 (1878),
nom. nud. pro syn.
Xanthium speciosum
Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot Club 24(12) : 574 (1897). Type: [USA: Eastern
Tennessee: ] Collected by the writer September 16 [1897], near Wolf Creek
Station ([T.H. Kearney, Jr.] no. 785)
where it grows on the sandy bottom-lands near the French Broad River and is
almost certainly indigenous. Isotype: US.
Xanthium varians
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 59 (1899). Type: Shady banks of the Columbia River,
Klickitat Co., Washington, Oct. 1893, W.
N. Suksdorf, n. 1583, distributed as X.
strumarium. Holotype: originally in LCU but probably now in WIS; isotype:
US.
Xanthium affine
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 60 (1899). Type: Habitat of the preceding species, and
by the same collector, distributed without a specific name, under [Suksdorf] n. 1584. Holotype: originally
in LCU, but probably now in WIS; isotype: US.
Xanthium
silphi[i]folium Greene, Pittonia, 4(21): 60 (1899). Type: The type of this
strongly marked species is of Mr.
Suksdorfs collecting from the banks of the Columbia, Sept., 1883, the
specimen preserved in the U.S. Herbarium. Holotype: US; isotypes: F 2.
Xanthium glanduliferum
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 61 (1899). Type: Collected at Walsh, Assiniboia, 15
Aug., 1895, by Mr. John Macoun, and
distributed for X. Canadense, but the
species is evidently new, and thoroughly distinct. The ticket accompanying my
specimen bears the Canadian Survey number 10,910. Holotype: originally in LCU.
Xanthium campestre
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 61 (1899). Types: Fertile plains of the Sacramento
River, in middle and northern California; the best specimens collected by
myself, near Chico, June, 1890; but there exists in the U.S. Herbarium a good
one from the Wilkes Expedition obtained near Sacramento. Although unnumbered,
there is a Pickering 1361 which may
represent the latter collection but is was also used by Widder as the type of
his Xanthium decalvatum, q.v.
Syntypes originally in LCU but probably now in WIS.
Xanthium californicum
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 62 (1899). Type: Common in middle California,
especially about San Francisco Bay, being the X. Canadense of my Manual
and of the Flora Franciscana in large
part. Holotype: originally in LCU but probably now in WIS.
Xanthium acutum
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 62 (1899). Type: Known by a single specimen obtained
at Stockton, California, by Mr. J. A.
Sanford, in 1888. Holotype: originally LCU but probably now in WIS. [qv.
Tucker et al. 1989: 202]
Xanthium
palustre Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 63 (1899). Type: Known only
from the brackish marshes of Suisun Bay, middle California. An exceedingly well
marked species, referred to by me as an indiginous state of X. Canadense in the Flora Franciscana. Holotype: ?
Xanthium acerosum
Greene, Pittonia 4(21): 63 (1899). Type: Known only from the valley of the Red
River of the North, where it was collected by the writer [E.L. Greene], near Fargo, North Dakota, 4 Sept., 1893. Holotype:
originally at LCU.
Xanthium
glabratum (DC.) Britton, Man. Fl. North. States Canad. : 912 (1901).
Xanthium commune
Britton, Man. Fl. North. States Canad. : 912 (1901). Type: Type collected by N. L. Britton at Westport, N.Y.
Xanthium macounii Britton, Man. Fl.
North. States Canad. : 913. (1901). Type:
Goose Island, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, J.
M. Macoun,
Xanthium
inflexum Mack. & Bush, Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 106 (1905).
Type: Sandy bottoms along the Missouri River in western Misosuri. Missouri: Courtney, Bush 869,
Xanthium oligacanthum
Piper, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 551 (1906). Type: Bolles, Walla Walla
County, Piper,
Xanthium bubalocarpon
Bush, Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 123 (1906). Type: TEXAS. Dallas
County, [Common on prairie.] Bush
1185,
Xanthium wootoni
Cockerell ex De Vries, Sp. Var. (Ed. 2) : 140 (1905). Type: Last year a very
curious instance of a partial loss of prickles was discovered by Mr. Cockerell
of East Las Vegas in New Mexico. It is a variety of the American cocklebur,
often called sea-burdock, or the hedgehog-burweed, a stout and common weed of the
western States. Its latin name is Xanthium
canadense or X. commune and the
form referred to is named by Mr. Cockerell X.
Wootoni, in honour of Professor E. O. Wooton who described the first
collected specimens.
Xanthium barcinonense
Sennen, Bull. Gogr. Bot. 24(Nos. 295297): 224 (1914). Type/s:
é–‘Hab.Catalogne: Barcelone Can Tunis et la Farola; Prat del Llobregat. Syntypes:
?
Xanthium globosum
C. Shull, Bot. Gaz. 59: 482 (1915). Type: not cited. Note: Shull noted earlier
in the discussion that this variety was first seen on the Campus of the State
University of Kentucky several years ago. It has been found to breed true
Note: there is a duplicate of material cultivated from the type donated to K
by Sherff.
Xanthium pennsylvanicum
Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 54 (1918), nom. illegit. non Wallr. (1844). [Type:
Hab.: America bor., Pensylvania Delaware ad Darby Creek (Mac Elwee n. 1316!).]
Xanthium leptocarpum
Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(1): 3 (1918).
Type: L. R. Jones, Burlington,
Vermont,
Xanthium arcuatum
Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(1): 4 (1918).
Type: T.F. Lucy, river shores and
low places, Chemung County, New York,
Xanthium
cylindricum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(1): 4 (1918). Type: J.K.
Small and A. M. Huger, Chimney Rock to Hendersonville, North Carolina,
Xanthium
acutilobum Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(1): 6 (1918). Type: J. Reverchon,
Oak Cliff, Texas, September 2 (type in Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden no.
85603; duplicate sheets in the same herbarium bear the numbers 85470 and
85485). Holotype: MO; isotypes: MO 2.
Xanthium
crassifolium Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(1): 5 (1918). Type: בB. Mackensen
123, San Antonio, Texas, October 8 and
Xanthium curvescens
Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(2): 25 (1919).
Type: Vermont: Orwell, Willard W. Eggleston 1420 [Sept. 23
1899] (type in Hb. Gray). Holotype: GH; isotype: US.
Xanthium
cenchroides Millsp. & Sherff., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4(2) : 30 (1919). Type: Texas:
near Ferris, J. Reverchon 2332 (type
in Hb. Mo. 85563; additional material, ibid., on sheet no. 85564).
Holotype: MO; isotype: MO.
Xanthium calvum
Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., 4: 35 (1919).
Type: California: vicin. of Palo Alto, foothills, [near Stanford Univ. Col.] C.F.Baker 1760 [2.3.13] (Hb. Calif.
131236, type: Hb. Field 226601; Hb. Gray; Hb. Mo. 85385; Hb. N.Y.). Holotype:
AHUC?; isotypes: F, GH, MO, NY, US.
Xanthium australe
Millsp. & Sherff, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., 4(2): 37 (1919).
Type: [Mexico:] Tamaulipas:
vicin. of La Barra, 8 km. east of Tampico, at sea-level, Dr. Edward Palmer 275. Holotype: US (463216).
Xanthium japonicum
Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 31 (1923). Types: From
the Herb. of the Royal Gardens, Kew, Oldham,
No. 409. Nagasaki (Oldham, Hb.
Leyd., Berl., Hofm., Gtt.) Japonia (Buerger,
Hb. Leyd.) Japonia (T.?, Hb. Leyd.).í¸™í¶’ Syntype: Oldham 409, GOET.
Xanthium sibiricum
Patrin ex Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 32 (1923).
Types: Under the heading of Exsiccaten Widder listed Herbarium of the late
East India Company, Nr. 3183. Herbarium Schlagintweit from India and High
Asia, Nr. 720, 4360. Henrys Collection from Central China 188588, Nr. 51.
Schindler, Plantae sinenses, Nr. 205, 212. Bohnhof, Voyage au lac Hanka et en
Mandchourie, Nr. 200. Cavalerie, Plantes de Chine, Nr. 3814. Erbario Biondi,
Nr. 299. Widder also listed many more specimens under Gesehene Pflanzen.
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder var. subinerme (C. Winkler) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 34, 36 (1923).
Xanthium strumarium
L. var. hausmanni Widder, Feddes
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 49 (1923). Type: Von Bedeutung ist
eine Form, die von Hausmann mehrmals
zwischen Bozen und Salurn in Sdtirol gefunden wurde.
Xanthium pungens
Wallr. var. denudatum Widder, Feddes
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 69 (1923). Type: ich nur in einem
Exemplar von Kansas, Atchison Co. im Hb. U. W. (leg. Hitchcock). Die Exemplare derselben Nummer (727) desselben
Exsiccatenwerkes, die im Hb. Wash. liegen, sin normales X. pungens.
Xanthium decalvatum Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 72 (1923). Type: å’‘Herbarium of the U. S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Wilkes, Nr. 1361 (als X. strumarium var. canadense bezeichnet!). Holotype: US. Note: See also comments under X. campestre Greene, which indicated this is the type of that name also.
Xanthium orientale L. forma laciniatum (Pouzolz) Thell. ex Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 80 (1923).
Xanthium italicum Moretti var. albinum Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 105 (1923). Type: Im Elbetal und dessen nherer Umgebung kommen jedoch fast ausschlie lich Formen mit etwas dicklichen, eifmigen,
Xanthium californicum Greene var. oligacanthum (Piper) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 112 (1923).
Xanthium pungens Wallr. var. globosum (C. Shull) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 166 (1923).
Xanthium pungens Wallr. var. cylindricum (Millsp. & Sherff) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 20: 167 (1923).
Xanthium saccharatum Wallr. ssp. commune (Britton) Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(8í·•í²–20): 286 (1925).
Xanthium
saccharatum Wallr. ssp. aciculare
Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21(820): 286 (1925). Type: not
cited, but many, many syntypes appear to have been cited.
Xanthium chinense Mill. var. globuliforme C. Shull, Bot. Gaz. 83(4): 385 (1927). Type: Cult. material from Mr. F. F. Crevecoeur near Onaga, Kansas in summer of 1909.
Xanthium aridum St.
John, Northwest Sci. 2(3): 93, fig. 4 (1928). Type: [U.S.A.: Washington. Gravel
benches in Black Canyon, Rattlesnake Hills, 2400 ft. alt. St. John et al. 8100,
Xanthium pennsylvanicum
Gand. var. laciniatum C. Shull &
Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92: 208 (1931). Type: Earl
E. Sherff 5012, cultivated in experimental garden of University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois,
Xanthium mongolicum
Kitag., Rep. First Sc. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. 4, 4: (Index Fl. Jehol.): 97
(1936). Type: Hab. Manshuria: Prov. Hsing-an occid. []: In arenosis circa
collis Szu-lng-tzu-shan [ê––] prope O-ny-to [æ––] (N.H.K. Oct. 2. 1933
Typus). Dist. Manshuria. Holotype: ?
Xanthium
natalense Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 41: 274 (1937).
Type: Natal, near Durban, alt. 100'; I. 1902 (J. Medley Wood, NG n. 8943 = Urbeleg = Typus).
Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronquist, Rhodora 47: 403 (1945).
Xanthium chasei
Fernald, Rhodora 48: 66 (1946). Type: [USA:] Illinois:
bottomlands of Illinois Ruver near Peoria ,
Xanthium
strumarium L. var. japonicum
(Widder) Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 2: 279 (1952).
Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. cavanillesii (Schouw) D. Lve & Dans., Canad. J. Bot. 37(): 205 (1959).
Xanthium
albinum (Widder) Scholz & Sukopp, Verh. Bot. Vereins Brandenb. 98-100:
47 (1960)
Xanthium ripicola J. Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax., 11(1): 83 (1976), nom. nov. pro X. riparium Lasche, non X. riparium Itzigs. & Hertsch (1854) (nom. illegit.).
Xanthium orientale L. var. albinum (Widder) Adema & M. T. Jansen, Gorteria 9(9): 302 (1979).
Xanthium orientale L. var. riparium (Itzigs. & Hertsch) Adema & M. T. Jansen, Gorteria, 9(9): 303 (1979).
Xanthium strumarium L. var. wootonii (Cockerell) W. C. Martin & C. R. Hutchins, Fl. New Mexico, 2: 2041 (1981), nom. inval. (without basionym ref.)
Xanthium
albinum (Widder) H. Scholz ssp. ripicola
(Holub) J. Dostal, Folia Mus. Rer. Nat. Bohem. Occid., Bot., 21: 12 (1984).
Xanthium strumarium L. forma purpurascens S. Priszter, Magyar Fl.
Veg. 7: 58 (1985). Type: Praematricum: Kunbaracs, 1972. HHBp.
Xanthium
strumarium L. ssp. brasilicum
(Vell.) O. Bol s & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988].
Xanthium echinatum
Murray ssp. italicum (Moretti) O.
Bols & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988].
Xanthium
echinatum Murray var. italicum
(Moretti) O. Bol s & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988].
Xanthium echinatum Murray var. cavanillesii (Schouw) O. Bols & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988].
Xanthium cloessplateaum D. Z. Ma, Acta
Bot. Bor.-Occid. Sin. 11(4): 346 (1991).
Type: Ningxia: Tongxing, IX.1984. leg. X.
Z. Dong. No. 424. Holotype: ò‘’‘Ningxia Agr. Col. Conserv.
Xanthium
sibiricum Patrin ex Widder var. jingyuanense
H. G. Hou & Y. T. Lu Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 20(3): 249 (2000). Type:
China. Gansu, Jimgyan, Hongzuizi, alt. 1450 m, riverside, 1998-08-26, H.G. Hou and Y. T. Lu 98018. Holotype: Herb. LanZhou University;
isotype: PE.
Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. sibiricum (Patrin ex Widder) Greuter, Willdenowia 33(2): 249 (2003).
This is a very widespread species, in many warm temperate and subtropical countries, and is perhaps only truly native in Europe having been recorded in the mid-1500s. Widespread in eastern, central and southern Europe. Argentina, Australia, Azores, Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil, Egypt, Hawaii, Iraq, Japan, Mascarenes, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, West Indies.
Abrojo, Aborojo
grande, Abrojo macho, Cadillo, Maleza (Freire et al., 2006).
Xanthium
strumarium L. var. arenarium
(Lasch) Uechtritz, Verh. Bot. Vereins. Prov. Brandenburg 34: 210 (1862) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. brasilicum (Vell.) O. Bols & J. Vigo, Collect. Bot., 17(1): 90 (1987)[1988] = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 294 (1841-43) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. cavanillesii (Schouw) D. L ve & Dans., Canad. J. Bot. 37(): 205 (1959) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
strumarium L. var. glabratum
(DC.) Cronquist, Rhodora 47: 403 (1945) = Xanthium
strumarium L.
Xanthium
strumarium L. var. hausmanni
Widder, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 49 (1923) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium strumarium
L. var. japonicum (Widder) Hara,
Enum. Sperm. Jap. 2: 279 (1952) = Xanthium
strumarium L.
Xanthium
strumarium L. forma purpurascens
S. Priszter, Magyar Fl. Veg. 7: 58 (1985) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
strumarium L. ssp. sibiricum
(Patrin ex Widder) Greuter, Willdenowia 33(2): 249 (2003) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium strumarium L. var. wootonii (Cockerell) W. C. Martin & C. R. Hutchins, Fl. New Mexico, 2: 2041 (1981), nom. inval. (without basionym ref.) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
varians Greene, Pittonia 4: 59 (1899) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
wootoni Cockerell ex De Vries, Sp. Var. : 140 (1905) = Xanthium strumarium L.
Xanthium
xanthocarpon Wallr., Beitr. Bot. 1(2): 241 (1844) = Xanthium spinosum L.
Xenophontia
caryophylla Vell., Fl. Flum. : 347 (1825)[7 Sept. - 28 Nov. 1829] = Barnadesia caryophylla (Vell.) S. F.
Blake
