Key to the genera of the Eupatorieae
1. |
Phyllaries distant and bases not articulated; receptacles epaleaceous unsclerified, and changing shape with maturity (subtribe Adenostemmatinae) |
2 |
Phyllaries distant to imbricate and bases sclerified or articulated; receptacle sclerified between areolae or paleaceous |
3 |
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2. (1) |
Pappus absent |
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Pappus of 3 or 5 elongate knobs |
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3. (1) |
Capitula with 4 subequal phyllaries and 4 florets, usually with a fifth unequal subinvolucral bract (subtending the involucre or pedicel); style arms never with clavate apices; pappus always present (subtribe Mikaniinae) |
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Capitula without 4 subequal phyllaries and 4 florets or with clavate style arms apices or with a defective pappus |
4 |
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4. (3) |
Phyllaries all deciduous leaving a naked receptacle, remaining appressed until lost, not spreading with age (subtribe Praxelinae) |
5 |
At least some basal phyllaries persistent, phyllaries usually spreading with age |
6 |
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5. (4) |
Receptacle conical |
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Receptacle flat to slightly convex |
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6. (4) |
Corolla lobes (usually) smooth on inner surface |
7 |
Corolla lobes papillose on inner surface |
18 |
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7. (6) |
Pappus of awns, scales, crowns, or absent, never of wingless setae; pappus awns bristle-like in some 5-flowered species; plants rarely with densely spirally inserted leaves (subtribe Ageratinae) |
8 |
Pappus of capillary setae, sometimes short, rarely absent in some plants with densely spirally inserted leaves; capitula rarely with less than 6 florets |
9 |
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8. (7) |
Florets and phyllaries 5 |
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Florets and phyllaries not equal in number, > 20 |
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9. (7) |
Style base usually with a distinct glabrous node; phyllaries usually distant and subequal (subtribe Oxylobinae) |
10 |
Style base lacking basal node; phyllaries distant or subimbricate, usually gradate |
11 |
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10. (9) |
Pappus setae easily deciduous |
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Pappus setae persistent |
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11. (9) |
Receptacles convex to conical; style arms linear or with broadened apices; anther collars usually conspicuous and expanded; cells of inner surface of corolla lobes short and essentially isodiametric (subtribe Gyptidinae) |
12 |
Receptacles usually flat; style arms filiform; anther collars scarcely discernible and cylindrical; cells of inner surface of corolla lobes elongate with upper ends projecting as papillae (subtribe Fleischmaniinae) |
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12. (11) |
Pappus of plumose or markedly barbellate setae or absent and corollas densely pubescent, pubescence obscuring lobes |
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Pappus barbellate, rarely simple, if absent then corollas lacking dense pubescence, or pubescence not obscuring lobes |
13 |
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13. (12) |
Achenes with stipitate or long-attenuate bases |
14 |
Achenes of ± uniform diameter or only slightly narrowed towards base |
15 |
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14. (13) |
Capitula large, florets 30-100; receptacle conical or highly convex; achene ribs pale |
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Capitula small to medium, florets < 50; receptacle flat or slightly convex; achene ribs concolorous with body |
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15. (13) |
Carpopodium procurrent on base of achene ribs |
16 |
Carpopodium stopper-shaped |
17 |
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16. (15) |
Achenes setuliferous; style base with swollen basal node, pubescent |
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Achenes glandular-punctate; style base lacking basal node, glabrous |
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17. (15) |
Pappus setae with blunt, sometimes inflated apices; phyllaries with distinct pubescent appendages |
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Pappus setae with acute apices; phyllaries lacking pubescent apical appendages |
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18. (6) |
Style arms long-clavate, thickened in both width and thickness, few exceptions with 10-ribbed achenes, plumose pappus or those with peg-like setulae on achenes; upper corolla limb often constricted beneath corolla lobes (subtribe Alomiinae) |
19 |
Style arms not thickened or thickened only at tips, if long-clavate then flattened; achenes never 10-ribbed, never with plumose pappus setae and never with peg-like eglandular achene setulae; corolla limb cylindrical or funnelform beneath corolla lobes |
21 |
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19. (18) |
Style base with distinctly enlarged basal node; corollas glabrous outside |
20 |
Style base lacking enlarged basal node; corollas glandular-punctate outside |
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20. (19) |
Achenes 8-10-ribbed; annual herb |
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Achenes 5-ribbed; erect or spreading to arching subshrubs or shrubs |
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21. (18) |
Style base glabrous and basal node absent; inner phyllaries usually deciduous |
22 |
Style base with basal node or pubescent or both |
33 |
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22. (21) |
Capitula always with 5 florets; style arm apices papillose; pappus setae sometimes with bulbous-tipped apical cells; plants of eastern South America (subtribe Disynaphiinae) |
23 |
Capitula
with 1-300 florets, rarely consistently 5-flowered; style arms usually smooth
at least at apices; pappus setae never with bulbous-tipped apical cells;
plants throughout tropical and subtropical
|
25 |
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23. (22) |
Leaves pinnately or bipinnately lobed; style arm appendages with long narrow papillae |
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Leaves simple; style arms appendages short-papillose |
24 |
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24. (23) |
Inflorescences densely paniculate |
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Inflorescences densely corymbose |
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25. (22) |
Receptacles glabrous; anther collar usually less than 5 times as long as wide (subtribe Critoniinae) |
26 |
Receptacles usually pubescent; anther collar usually more than 5 times as long as wide (subtribe Hebecliniinae) |
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26. (25) |
Leaves distinctly alternate |
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Leaves mostly opposite or subopposite |
27 |
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27. (26) |
Phyllaries distant or weakly subimbricate in up to 3 rather irregular series |
28 |
phyllaries subimbricate or imbricate in 4 or more gradate series, inner phyllaries sometimes easily deciduous |
30 |
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28. (27) |
Apical anther appendages absent, often appearing as two minute lobes; phyllaries distant |
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Apical anther appendages distinct, 1/3 as long as wide or longer; phyllaries weakly subimbircate |
29 |
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29. (28) |
Capitula in dense spherical clusters |
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Capitula not in dense spherical clusters |
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30. (27) |
Apical anther appendages shorter than wide, truncate to bilobed; style arms often with abruptly enlarged apices |
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Apical anther appendages about as long as wide or longer, usually with rounded apices, rarely retuse; style arms with abruptly enlarged apices in some Critonia |
31 |
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31. (30) |
Leaves with translucent or lens-like secretory pockets when viewed against light, lacking glandular-punctae; coarse vines and shrubs |
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Leaves lacking secretory pockets, often with glandular-punctae |
32 |
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32. (31) |
Pappus setae with markedly dilated spinose apices; capitula with 50-70 florets |
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Pappus setae without dilated or spinose apices; capitula with 10-12 florets |
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33. (21) |
Style base lacking basal node, pubescent; capitula with less than 20 florets; receptacles epaleaceous; apical cells of pappus setae usually rounded (subtribe Eupatoriinae) |
34 |
Style base inflated above nectary, glabrous or pubescent; capitula usually with more than 20 florets, sometimes receptacle paleaceous; apical cells of pappus setae acute (subtribe Ayapaninae) |
36 |
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34. (33) |
Achene body setuliferous |
35 |
Achene body only with glands |
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35. (34) |
Inflorescences pyramidal or thyrsoid |
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Inflorescences corymbose |
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36. (33) |
Corollas with conspicuously constricted basal tube |
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Corollas funnelform or narrow and tubular |
37 |
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37. (36) |
Scandent shrubs; inflorescences with distinct cymose branching |
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Herbs or subshrubs; inflorescences corymbose or paniculate and often only with dense cymose terminal branching |
38 |
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38. (37) |
Anther cylinder included well within corolla tube; florets 5-40 per capitulum; style base with pubescent node |
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Anther cylinder visible in corolla throat |
39 |
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39. (38) |
Corolla tube funnelform; corollas pink to violet; florets 25-150 per capitulum; style base with glabrous or pubescent node |
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Corolla tube very narrow and tubular; corollas white; florets 150-300 per capitulum; style base with glabrous node |
