Bibliography

Conservation Projects Development Unit (CPDU)

Conservation and Horticulture: A Bibliography of Canary Island    Echium sp. in Botanical Gardens


Botanic Gardens hold individuals of threatened species. Often these species are held within extensive collections, and their value and history unrecognized. The Bibliographies produced here illustrate the horticultural histories of some threatened plant species. It is hoped that these examples will illustrate the horticultural heritage of botanic gardens, promote interest in threatened plant species, and be utilised for botanic garden education programmes.

Echium wildpretii
This Canary Island endemic is wide spread in cultivation and a popular feature of botanic garden and amenity glasshouse collections.  It was first described from a specimen growing at Kew in 1895. However, it is more prone to damp and winter snow than E. Pininana and subsequently is a short-term component of open air plantings in the west coast gardens of the United Kingdom.  There are also reproducing populations found in Californian and French gardens.
 

Chronology of Events

1816 E. candicans, E. fastuosum and E. giganteum at Schoenbrunn Castle, Vienna, Austria. 6
1824 E. candicans, E. fastuosum and E. giganteum at Croome Court. 9
1829 E. candicans, E. fastuosum and E. giganteum at München Botanic Garden, Germany. 19
1834 E. candicans, E. fastuosum, E. giganteum and E. strictum at Düsseldorf Botanic Garden, Germany. 18
1842 E. candicans and E. giganteum at Monza Botanic Garden. 12
1844 E. callithyrsum at Berlin Botanic Garden, Germany. 1
1845 E. fastuosum at Napoli Botanic Garden, Italy. 2
1852 E. candicans and E. fastuosum at Coimbra Botanic Gardens, Portugal. 21
1859 E. candicans at Adelaide Botanic Garden, South Australia. 10
1860 E. giganteum at St. Petersburg Botanic Garden. 17
1867 E. fastuosum at Napoli Botanic Garden, Italy. 15
1883 E. candicans and E. violaceum at Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Australia. 11
1905 E. giganteum at Argotti Botanic Gardens, Malta. 4
1911 Burchard wrote of Echium as an interesting genus, particularly the three species belonging to the Simplices group. A description of Echium pinninana is included and the environment it inhabits in the laurel forests of the Canaries. There is also a description of E. candicans from Madeira. The introduction precedes a long resume of the horticultural merits of the species and the many notable characteristics of the plant (the pollen being blue etc.). 7
1912 E. candicans, E. fastuosum, E. giganteum, E.simplex and E. wildpretii at La Mortala, Italy. 5
1914 A horticultural description on how to grow Echium in the garden or in the conservatory. Initially he describes how these species can be found in the Canary Islands. The introduction is followed by a description on how to sow the seeds and later on how to pot and grow the plants on. There is also information on applying cow dung fertiliser. 22
1926 A horticultural report on how to grow Echium wildprettii. Sommer firstly describes that he had a specimen of the plant in his garden, which flowered for the first time in 1916. A description follows on how to propagate the plant and the type of compost to use. 20 
1930 E. candicans at Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens, Java. 8
1933 E. fastuosum, E. giganteum and E. piniana at Villa Thuret, Antibes. 16
1965 E. callithyrsum, E. candicans, E. simplex and E. wildpretii at Villa Taranto, Italy. 14
1971 E. giganteum at Belfast Botanic Garden. 13
1986 E. wildpretii at Utrecht University Botanic Gardens. 3
 
 Picture: Echium wildpretti (M.Maunder)

Bibliography

  1. Anon (1844) Index seminum in Horto Botanico Berolinense, p.7.
  2. Anon (1845) Catalogo delle plante che si coltivano nel R. Orto Botanico di Naploi, p. 28.
  3. Anon (1986) Catalogue of Plant Collections - University Botanic Gardens, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1986. p.109.
  4. Anon (1905) Argotti Botanic Gardens Floriana - Malta. Seed catalogue for 1905-1906, p. 5.
  5. Berger, A. (1912) Hortus Mortolensis: Enumeratio plantarum in Horto Mortolensi cultarum, p. 123.
  6. Boos, J. (1816) Schönbrunn's Flora, oder systematisch geordnetes Verzeichniss der im kais. königl. Holländisch-botanischen hofgarten zu Schönbrunn kultivierten gewächse p. 41.
  7. Burchard, O. (1911) 'Echium candicans L. fil.' Dieser Zeitschrift, Vol. 31.
  8. Dakkus, P.M.W. (1930) An alphabetical list of plants cultivated in the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg, p. 121.
  9. Dean, W. (1824) An historical and descriptive account of Croome D'Abitot, pp. 46-7.
  10. Francis, W.G. (1859) Catalogue of the plants under cultivation in the Government Botanic garden, Adelaide, South Australia, p. 120.
  11. Guilfoyle, W.R. (1883) Catalogue of plants under cultivation in The Melbourne Botanic Gardens, p. 59.
  12. Manetti, J. (1842) Catalogus Plantarum Caesarei regii Horti Prope modiciam, p. 37.
  13. McCracken, E. (1971) The Palm House and Botanic garden, Belfast, p. 60.
  14. McEacharn, N. (1965) Catalogue of plants in the Villa Taranto at Pallandra, Lake Maggiore, p. 114.
  15. Pasquale, G.A. (1867) Catalogo del Real Orto Botanico di Napoli, p. 41.
  16. Poirault, G. (1933) Hortus Thuretianus Antipolitanus, Jardin de la Villa Thuret à Antibes, p. 97.
  17. Regel, E. (1860) Catalogus Plantarum quae in Horto Arksakoviano coluntur, p. 52.
  18. Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck, J.F.M.A.H.I.f.zu (1834) Hortus Dyckensis oder Verzeichnis der Pflanzen in dem Botanischen Garten zu Dyck, p. 99.
  19. Schrank, F. von P. von and Martius K.F.P. von (1829) Hortus regius Monacensis, p. 26.
  20. Sommer, O. (1926) 'Echium wildprettii', Gartenflora, p. 58.
  21. Vidal, A.J.R. (1852) Index Plantarum in Horto Botanico Conimbricensi cultarum anno 1850, p. 23.
  22. Vorvwerk, W. von (1914) 'Uber Echium-Arten und Deren Kultur', Gartenflora, pp. 59 - 60.

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